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| 141. The Global Information Technology Report 2004-2005 (World Economic Forum Reports) | |
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our price: $100.00 (price subject to change: see help) Asin: 1403948003 Catlog: Book (2005-06-11) Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan Sales Rank: 479589 US | Canada | United Kingdom | Germany | France | Japan |
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| 142. Globalization and Culture by John Tomlinson | |
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our price: $22.50 (price subject to change: see help) Asin: 0226807681 Catlog: Book (1999-07-15) Publisher: University Of Chicago Press Sales Rank: 271887 US | Canada | United Kingdom | Germany | France | Japan |
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| 143. Global Marketing Management by MasaakiKotabe, KristiaanHelsen | |
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our price: $120.95 (price subject to change: see help) Asin: 0471230626 Catlog: Book (2003-10-31) Publisher: Wiley Sales Rank: 312526 Average Customer Review: US | Canada | United Kingdom | Germany | France | Japan |
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Reviews (11)
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| 144. Essentials of International Management by David C. Thomas | |
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our price: $61.95 (price subject to change: see help) Asin: 0761921818 Catlog: Book (2001-12-15) Publisher: SAGE Publications Sales Rank: 491713 US | Canada | United Kingdom | Germany | France | Japan |
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Book Description The world of international management is no longer limited to jet-setting corporate trouble-shooters or seasoned expatriate managers. Virtually all business conducted today is global business. The need to understand the effect of culture on the practice of management has never been greater. This book examines cross-cultural management issues from a psychological or behavioral perspective. It focuses on the interactions of people from different cultures in organizational settings and helps the reader gain an understanding of the effect of culture that can be applied to a wide variety of cross-cultural interactions in various organizational contexts. The first section of the book describes the context in which the international manager functions including the major facets of the international management environment - legal, political, economic, and cultural. Culture is defined and demystified in practical terms and the reasons that cultures form and persist are discussed. The idea that cultural variation is not random but systematic is examined, as are the basics of social cognition as applied to cross-cultural interaction. Among the concepts discussed are selective perception, stereotyping, ethnocentrism, differential attributions, behavioral scripts, and cultural differences in motivation. The second section of the book focuses on the roles that dominate the activities of international managers: decision maker, negotiator, and leader. The process and behavioral aspects of negotiation are discussed in terms of the application of cross-cultural communication. The basis of communication, as concepts that transfer meaning across cultures, are presented as grounding for understanding negotiation across cultures. Western theories of leadership are contrasted with theories indigenous to other cultures, and a cross-cultural model of leadership is presented. The third section is devoted to challenges facing international managers including multi-cultural work groups and teams, the organization and design of international organizations, the unique influence of the multinational corporation on managerial roles, and the relationship of culturally different individuals to the firm. The challenges associated with the assignment of individuals overseas from both the perspectives of the firm and the individual expatriate are also explored. The final section of the book looks at the limitations of current management theory as it applies to international management and key methodological issues with regard to cross-national and cross-cultural research. The book includes extensive up-to-date references and a comprehensive index. | |
| 145. The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor by David S. Landes | |
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our price: $11.53 (price subject to change: see help) Asin: 0393318885 Catlog: Book (1999-05-01) Publisher: W.W. Norton & Company Sales Rank: 11153 Average Customer Review: US | Canada | United Kingdom | Germany | France | Japan |
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Book Description Reviews (127)
Geography matters, e.g., cold weather countries do economically better than tropical. Climate matters, e.g.,moderate climates are better for growth than are extreme climates. Technology matters e.g., eyeglasses added years to the productive work of skilled crafstment hundrds of years ago. Most of all, culture matters. Landes indirectly yet quite adroitly shows that diversity in all its forms is a resource and that nations benefit from diversity and their other resources in matters of economic and human development if -- perhaps only if -- that nation forges consensus around common values: political and economic freedom; private property and the rule of law; a system of progression and success through merit; and education, training and entrepreneurship. The anecdotes are plentiful. The data are useful. The scope of the work is incredible. The message is clear and well made. Sure, the most politically correct skeptics will carp. But the world still has not yet witnessed a major economic power between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. A small portion of the world's population produces an abundance of the globe's wealth (and, yes, of course, consumes much of what it makes). And the link between political freedom (and its correlates) and economic growth is very clear. Tyranny eventually fails. Technology will eventually be adopted and exploited. A nation's common, progressive, evolving, empowering culture provides the template for economic development and success. Full marks, professor.
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| 146. Global Price Fixing: Our Customers are the Enemy by John M. Connor | |
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our price: $189.00 (price subject to change: see help) Asin: 0792373332 Catlog: Book (2001-06-15) Publisher: Springer Sales Rank: 722865 US | Canada | United Kingdom | Germany | France | Japan |
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Book Description The first chapter highlights the renewed importance of international price-fixing conspiracies after an absence of nearly 50 years. Two following chapters provide background on the economics theory and legal principles relevant to understanding cartels. Nine following chapters comprise the economic core of this book. Three chapters are devoted to each of the three cartels selected for intensive study: citric acid, lysine, and vitamins. The next four chapters then concentrate on the legal fallout from the discovery of the three cartels by the world's antitrust authorities. Chapter 17 provides a description of a few additional selected cartels with features not found in the lysine, citric acid, and vitamins cases. The penultimate chapter considers whether the antitrust resources of government agencies and private plaintiffs are sufficient to deter global price fixing in the foreseeable future. This final chapter attempts to identify major themes that appear throughout the book and to provide a summary of the ultimate impact of the global-cartel pandemic of the 1990s. | |
| 147. Made In China: What Western Managers Can Learn from Trailblazing Chinese Entrepreneurs by Don Sull, Yong Wang | |
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our price: $23.10 (price subject to change: see help) Asin: 1591397154 Catlog: Book (2005-06-09) Publisher: Harvard Business School Press Sales Rank: 982765 US | Canada | United Kingdom | Germany | France | Japan |
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Book Description Lessons from China's leading entrepreneurs on competing in unpredictable markets U. S. entrepreneurs from Bill Gates to Michael Dell have been studied and emulated by executives worldwide. Yet we know next to nothing about the pioneers who are reshaping the world's second largest economy: China. In the face of murky ownership structures, inconsistent access to capital, shifting industrial policy, and other obstacles, an elite few Chinese firms have thrived during the turbulence of the last decade. In Made in China, Donald N. Sull profiles eight of these formidable ventures to reveal the secrets behind their surprising success. Based on extensive research, including in-depth interviews and access to corporate archives, Made in China explores these entrepreneurs' winning strategies, from how they anticipate and maneuver through emerging threats and opportunities ("active waiting"), to how they manage risks, to how they consistently out-execute rivals. Taken together, these principles represent a comprehensive model for managing in unpredictable environments worldwide. An insider's look at the playbook of some of the world's savviest and most resilient entrepreneurs, Made in China is essential reading for companies operating in China or in any volatile industry or market. Donald N. Sull is an Associate Professor of Management Practice at London Business School. Previously an Assistant Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School, Sull was also a consultant at McKinsey & Company, Inc. He advises both multinational firms and new ventures in several countries. | |
| 148. Do's and Taboos Around The World (Do's and Taboos Around the World) | |
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our price: $11.53 (price subject to change: see help) Asin: 0471595284 Catlog: Book (1993-06) Publisher: Wiley Sales Rank: 31202 Average Customer Review: US | Canada | United Kingdom | Germany | France | Japan |
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Book Description Reviews (8)
The book is categorized according to country, and includes cartoon type illustrations of face gestures, hand and arm gestures, and what they mean. In some countries the same gesture has a completely different meaning, which anyone who uses a lot of body language would do well to learn. The section on Graceful Gift Giving brings valuable insight so as not to insult anyone from different lands, as gift giving is viewed in different ways according to different cultures. Whether you are going on a business trip, or are traveling for academics or adventure overseas, it is important to learn the customs of each country. On a personal note, if you ever go to the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, do NOT sit on the rock from which Mohammed Ascended (as I innocently did to pray for world peace) because you can be murdered or jailed for that alone - unless you happen to have a professor who is fluent in Arabic that saves you from harsh penalties, which I was fortunate enough to have. ASK about the Sacred sites in Sacred lands BEFORE you attempt to touch or sit on anything. Do's and Taboos also provides commonly used terms spelled out phonetically from many lands, so that you can converse among the locals graciously. Highly recommended for all international travelers.
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| 149. Currency Trading: How to Access and Trade the World's Biggest Market by PhilipGotthelf, Philip Gotthelf | |
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our price: $47.25 (price subject to change: see help) Asin: 0471215546 Catlog: Book (2002-08-15) Publisher: Wiley Sales Rank: 108502 Average Customer Review: US | Canada | United Kingdom | Germany | France | Japan |
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Book Description In Currency Trading: How to Access and Trade the Worlds Biggest Market, expert trading veteran Philip Gotthelf provides a cutting-edge and comprehensive overview of the largest market in the worldwhere currency trading volume exceeds $1 trillion dailyand shows you how to take advantage of the fluctuations within currency markets to reap enormous rewards. Currency Trading is filled with in-depth insights and valuable advice that any level of currency trader can appreciate. Numerous real-world examples and case studies help drive each point home in a straightforward, no-nonsense manner. Topics discussed include: The dynamics and rules of currency trading are constantly changing. There is no point in following the outdated advice of "experts." Currency Trading offers practical information which will allow you to cultivate your own views of currency trading, sharpen your skills, and ultimately, draw your own conclusions on where, when, and how to trade almost any currencyfrom U.S. Dollars to Euros. Reviews (4)
To name but a few examples, Fig 6.5 caption says "Cash Currency trading screen" but it's actually a bar chart of Yen futures (p.124) The data for Figure 8.11 (a perpetual contracts bar chart of Yen) is presented with the caption of Figure 8.10 ("Soybeans futures monthly chart"). No soybeans chart is presented at all; instead, a Nikkei futures chart mysteriously appears (p. 212) Figure 8.41 is printed upside down! (p.236). Honestly. This is perhaps the ultimate insult to the reader and ought to be a source of acute embarrassment to the editor and author. Academy Award nominee James Caan, with two a's, will be amused to read p. 89 which states "... has been depicted in fiction such as the movie Rollerball starring James Cann" with two n's. Those who buy the book believing it may deliver on the dustjacket's promise "How to trade the world's biggest market" will receive a disappointment. The only trading strategy Gotthelf reveals is "Go Long when price crosses above a moving average, Go Short when price crosses below a moving average." Then he regurgitates standard methods of creating a synthetic position using options. There is absolutely nothing new here. No review would be complete without mentioning Gotthelf's mysterious concept of Parity. First he tells you it's "a ratio that always equals one" (page 24). Next he tells you "there are no exact relationships" in FOREX (page 32), leaving you to wonder how Parity could always equal one if there are no exact relationships. Then he muddles through two hundred more pages and eventually you, the reader, decode the fact (which Gotthelf never bothers to state exactly) that his "Parity" actually means "Equilibrium". Great. But where's the insight? I own several other Wiley Finance books and all of them have wonderful quotes from important figures in the trading world, in the form of testimonials and gushing recommendations on the rear dustjacket. Kaufman's "Trading Systems and Methods" has five, Hill and Pruitt's "The Ultimate Trading Guide" has four, Ryan Jones's "The Trading Game" has five, Sweeney's "Maximum Adverse Excursion" has three, et cetera ad nauseum. But this currency book by Gotthelf has exactly zero quotes on the dustjacket. No recommendations, no congratulations, no endorsements. I suggest you follow the advice of everyone who DIDN'T write a recommendation for Gotthelf's book: stay away.
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| 150. The Color of Oil : The History, the Money and the Politics of the World's Biggest Business by Michael Economides, Ronald Oligney, Micheal Economides, Armando Izquierdo | |
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our price: $21.21 (price subject to change: see help) Asin: 0967724805 Catlog: Book (2000-03-01) Publisher: Round Oak Publishing Company Sales Rank: 69884 Average Customer Review: US | Canada | United Kingdom | Germany | France | Japan |
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Book Description Reviews (16)
I am somewhat baffled by the assertions of reviewer Stephen Mark, especially about the book's "extremely political" and "ungrammatical" nature. If anything, The Color of Oil exposes the foibles of politics and is an appeal to reason, which of course, is essentially (in the truest sense) apolitical. I found the book well-written and entertaining. Check out the anecdote about Stalin's admonition to his oil minister during WWII: "if Hitler gets one drop of oil, we will shoot you..." I won't give the rest away... If you're the least bit interested in the oil industry, you are in for a real treat...
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| 151. Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach (Language in Society) by Ronald Scollon, Suzanne Wong Scollon, Ron Scollon | |
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our price: $37.95 (price subject to change: see help) Asin: 0631224181 Catlog: Book (2001-01-01) Publisher: Blackwell Publishers Sales Rank: 170395 US | Canada | United Kingdom | Germany | France | Japan |
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Book Description In this newly revised edition, the first chapter now includes a section that sets out the authors' distinction between cross-cultural communication and intercultural communication. Another section outlines the methodology of ethnography that is the practical basis of the authors' research. In the new final chapter, the authors return to this methodology and show how they and others have been able to use it and this book to do new research in intercultural communication and how this work has been used in conducting training and consultation programs. While making use of research in pragmatics, discourse analysis, organizational communication, social psychology, and the ethnography of communication, this book presents students, researchers, and practitioners with a comprehensive and unified framework for the analysis of intercultural discourse. | |
| 152. Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Structural Change (Themes in Modern Econometrics) by G. S. Maddala, In-Moo Kim | |
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our price: $34.99 (price subject to change: see help) Asin: 0521587824 Catlog: Book (1999-01-21) Publisher: Cambridge University Press Sales Rank: 126953 Average Customer Review: US | Canada | United Kingdom | Germany | France | Japan |
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Book Description Reviews (5)
The asymptotic theory is well covered but the unique feature of the book is that it points out that the asymptotics can give very poor approximations in small to moderate sample sizes. The authors provide alternatives including the use of the bootstrap for standard error estimates, confidence bounds and hypothesis testing (particularly tests for unit roots). It is clear and covers the important literature. Much like Franses book it covers bootstrap and Bayesian methods and really does provide a current and useful approach to important problems and methodology in econometrics. It could be used for a special topics graduate course or as a supplement to a graduate course in econometrics.
This one of the best book about cointegration.
The book by Maddala and Kim is a very good and relativelynontechnical pointer to the time series literature on unit roots andcointegration. The book is meant to be used as a reference, not readas a text. Maddala and Kim do a good job of discussing the strengths and weaknesses of the myriad unit root and cointegration tests that have appeared in recent years. If you want to know more about the asymptotic theory, then refer to _Time Series Analysis_ by Hamilton or read the original journal articles. For a more balanced review of the Maddala and Kim book, one might also take a look at the book review written by Heather Anderson in the December 1999 issue of the Economic Record. END
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| 153. Free Trade Under Fire : Second Edition by Douglas A. Irwin | |
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our price: $19.95 (price subject to change: see help) Asin: 0691122474 Catlog: Book (2005-03-07) Publisher: Princeton University Press Sales Rank: 175355 US | Canada | United Kingdom | Germany | France | Japan |
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Book Description Growing world trade has helped lift living standards around the world, and yet free trade is always under attack by opponents. Critics complain that trade forces painful economic adjustments, such as plant closings and layoffs of workers, and charge that the World Trade Organization serves the interests of corporations, undercuts domestic environmental regulations, and erodes America's sovereignty. Why has global trade become so controversial? Does free trade deserve its bad reputation? In Free Trade under Fire, Douglas Irwin sweeps aside the misconceptions that litter the debate over trade and gives the reader a clear understanding of the issues involved. This second edition includes a new chapter on trade and developing countries and updates the entire text to deal with new issues such as outsourcing and steel tariffs. | |
| 154. Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital: The Dynamics of Bubbles and Golden Ages by Carlota Perez | |
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our price: $30.00 (price subject to change: see help) Asin: 1843763311 Catlog: Book (2003-04-01) Publisher: Edward Elgar Pub Sales Rank: 150591 US | Canada | United Kingdom | Germany | France | Japan |
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Book Description Carlota Perez draws upon Schumpeters theories of the clustering of innovations to explain why each technological revolution gives rise to a paradigm shift and a New Economy and how these opportunity explosions, focused on specific industries, also lead to the recurrence of financial bubbles and crises. These findings are illustrated with examples from the past two centuries: the industrial revolution, the age of steam and railways, the age of steel and electricity, the emergence of mass production and automobiles, and the current information revolution/knowledge society. By analyzing the changing relationship between finance capital and production capital during the emergence, diffusion and assimilation of new technologies throughout the global economic system, this seminal book sheds new light on some of the most pressing economic problems of today. | |
| 155. Participatory Workshops: A Sourcebook of 21 Sets of Ideas and Activities by Robert Chambers | |
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our price: $16.95 (price subject to change: see help) Asin: 1853838632 Catlog: Book (2002-08) Publisher: Earthscan Publications Sales Rank: 104276 Average Customer Review: US | Canada | United Kingdom | Germany | France | Japan |
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Book Description Making participation real requires workshops, training and learning that are themselves participatory. This sourcebook presents the results of the author's vast experience in the form of twenty-one sets of ideas, activities and tips, both serious and fun, for topics such as getting started, seating, forming groups, managing large numbers, analysis, feedback, evaluation and ending. From the Preface: "This is for all who try to help others learn and change... There is something here for participatory teachers and trainers; for organizers, moderators and facilitators who want their conferences and workshops to be interactive; for staff in training institutes who want to enliven their courses; for faculty and teachers in universities, colleges and schools who would like to enable students to do more of their own analysis; and for those engaged in management training who want to widen their repertoire." Reviews (1)
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| 156. The Other Path: The Economic Answer to Terrorism by Hernando De Soto, June Abbott | |
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our price: $10.20 (price subject to change: see help) Asin: 0465016103 Catlog: Book (2002-09-03) Publisher: Perseus Books Group Sales Rank: 48962 Average Customer Review: US | Canada | United Kingdom | Germany | France | Japan |
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Book Description The task of making the Shining Path politically irrelevant was accomplished primarily by ideological means.Hernando de Soto offered an alternative vision of Peru's poor. Rather than see them as the proletariat, he showed that they were in fact budding entrepreneurs whose greatest desire was not to bring down the market economy but to join it. Reviews (10)
This book makes many excellent arguments for the removal of many layers of government, and shows the predictable results when government attempts to fix itself with more government.
I would have preferred it if the book did not purport to be a general answer to terrorism. While his ideas are very applicable with respect to Maoist revolutionaries attempting to (in theory) uplift the poor, they seem less relevant to "non-economic" terrorists, such as certain rich scions of Saudi families that fly airplanes into buildings, for example. But that is a minor point.
The first part of the book is a detailed analysis of three sectors of the Peruvian economy: housing, transport, and trade (small manufacturing and retail primarily). In each of these, De Soto demonstrates how the barriers raised by regulation and legal process from both right and left wing governments in Peru have forced the majority of persons participating to do so in informal/illegal ways. The result is that formal activity bears the brunt of taxation and informals have little protection in terms of property rights, contractual instruments, and so on. The net result is that everyone is impoverished. This section of the book can be tough reading because of the amount of detail, but its necessary in order to understand the importance of the second half. The second half suggests that the Peruvian situation is really the reemergence of mercantilism, not a market economy. De Soto then provides some suggestions to peacefully transitiont to a market economy, and convincing warnings that failure to do so will almost certainly result in a violent transition. The points that De Soto makes are increasingly significant to non-Peruvians as societies like America have increasingly centralised economies. Ironically, the cover includes blurbs from both Presidents Bush and Clinton. One suspects that netiher of them actually read the book.
This is good stuff just the same. Lots of good points that are useful in a classroom.
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| 157. Developing Retail Entertainment Destinations by Michael D. Beyard | |
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| 158. International Marketing 2002 Update: 2002 by Michael R. Czinkota, Illka A. Ronkainen | |
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our price: $101.95 (price subject to change: see help) Asin: 0030353890 Catlog: Book (2002-06-07) Publisher: South-Western College Pub Sales Rank: 949767 US | Canada | United Kingdom | Germany | France | Japan |
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| 159. When Corporations Rule the World by David C. Korten | |
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our price: $11.53 (price subject to change: see help) Asin: 1887208046 Catlog: Book (2001-05-10) Publisher: Berrett-Koehler Pub Sales Rank: 43026 Average Customer Review: US | Canada | United Kingdom | Germany | France | Japan |
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Book Description Reviews (49)
The title could have been simply "Corporations Rule the World". First and foremost, the book provides a foundation for thinking about sustainable business, ones' role in society, day-to-day habits and our collective need to create a future for our children. Take note, however, that the book is worth a read in a very pragmatic and personal way, as a primer for investors. I was given the book on Aug 17 '98 and finished it by the 22nd. In recent years, I had placed all of my hard earned cash, and some inheritence from hardworking grandparents -- for convenience sake -- in the hands of fund managers dealing in "blue chip" companies in the global equity markets. Understanding something from Kortens' book, and his apt description of the world now around us...I sold all of those equities and funds on the 24'th. The markets collapsed on the 25'th. I'll go back to directing my own investments with the cash I've saved -- thanks to a timely reading of Korten's informative book. Kortens' work is as brilliant as a Hitchcock movie -- providing space for the reader to fill in the "gaps", to "get" his global picture in a personal way. Korten avoids confronting readers with the simple statement that WE ARE corporations. We ARE government and we ARE civil society -- however healthy or sick... Having said that, Korten's book is entertaining and frightening because he is fact-based and truthful. Unlike other Amazon.com book reviewers, I generally accept and enjoy pondering Korten's ideas. I volunteer and commit to spend my rare time on this planet to forward Korten's kind of agenda for people-centered development. There's no point having kids and no way to sleep at night, without wisdom and change. I'll invest in new forms of global business opportunity, based on Korten's wisdom and call for change. I'll start by changing myself, to make my actions consistent with my words, to make my words consistent with such wisdom as Korten's and to make my business work towards a healthy tomorrow. Thank you, David Korten.
We always harangue socialism as an "extreme ideology," but as Korten makes clear capitalism is also an extreme ideology. Socialism concentrates power in a centralized government, creating unsupportable social and environmental costs. Capitalism concentrates power in huge private institutions (the modern multinational corporation), which also have enormous social and environmental costs. Both advance the concentration of rights of ownership without limit, to the exclusion of the needs and rights of the many who own virtually nothing. And as Korten shows, the impoverished many are growing. As of 1992, the richest 20 percent of the global population received as much as 82.7 percent of the total world income. The poorest 20 percent received 1.4 percent. These figures indicate growing economic inequality, which is has become even more pronounced in the last decade. In 1998, the world's top three billionaires totaled more assets than the combined GNP of all the least developing countries and their 600 million people. Of the world's 6 billion people, 2.8 - that is, nearly half - were living on less than 2 dollars a day. Some 1.2 billion of that half lived on less than a dollar a day. Inside America - the global economic trendsetter - this growing inequality that we see between nations is mirrored in microcosm. In fact, inequality and hardship is even more exaggerated in the Land of the Free. The wealthiest 10 percent now own almost 90 percent of all business equity, 88.5 percent of all bonds, and 89.3 percent of all stocks. In 1999, the total compensation of U.S. corporate CEOs was 475 times the average production worker's pay; and 29 percent of all U.S. workers were in jobs paying poverty level wages, defined as an hourly wage too low to meet the needs of a family of four. Moreover, with each new mega-merger and corporate takeover, more capital, power and control are concentrated in these already mammoth institutions. What ever happened to the anti-trust laws? These are just a few of the statistics sited in the book, but When Corporations Rule offers more than statistical analysis. With laser precision, Korten essays economic and political history, uncovering the reasons for these global trends: including the illusion of growth, the loss of governmental oversight in the affairs of corporations, the rise of the Newtonian mechanical worldview and its subsequent devaluation of spiritual values, etc. His critique of globalization is absolutely stunning: including the effects of NAFTA, and the general policies of the WTO, the WB and the IMF. Finally, his call for localism, activism, spiritualism and an ecological awakening are inspiring and timely. Not a stone goes uncovered. The failure of development strategies for the Third World (his stated specialty), critical discussion of traditional economic theory, the rise of PR, global poverty, currency speculation and corporate raiding, downsizing, contracting labor, automating, the loss of the small farm, the effects of Walmart and the like, ecological collapse, the coming Ecological Revolution, sustainability, socially responsible investment, systems theory, urban design, history of the current globalization protest movement, a detailed agenda for democratic change - these and so many other important issues are weaved together in a remarkable argument that will shock, sober and move you. I cannot think of a more important book for those who still have faith in the global economy. This troubled planet needs more Kortens. Bravo!
The ability of corporations to penetrate the political and cultural sectors of our society is hardly a late twentieth century phenomenon. Despite the founders' efforts to contain corporations by explicit and revocable state charters, emerging industrialists in the post-Civil War era became powerful enough to sway legislators and the judiciary to act in their behalf. Not only did corporations generally gain rights to perpetuity, but the Supreme Court declared corporations to be legal persons entitled to the same rights as ordinary citizens, in addition to limited liability. By the late 1920s capitalism had largely emerged triumphant over worker and community interests. Consumerism was instilled as the only legitimate avenue for realizing individualized "freedom." According to the author, a form of democratic pluralism existed among the civil, governmental, and market sectors of society in the post-WWII era, but any such sectorial accommodation was mostly an aberration that came about only because of the necessity to solve the twin crises of the Great Depression (caused by corporate-led economic excess) and WWII. Any social accord that may have existed was shredded as corporations, backed by the Reagan administration, renewed their assault on the working class and relentlessly pursued self-interested global strategies. Over the last two decades, middle-class jobs have been lost, median pay has stagnated, and austerity has been imposed on the less fortunate as a profound upward redistribution of wealth and income has occurred. Globally, the structural adjustment measures forced upon developing nations by the World Bank and the IMF to qualify for loans, ripped the fabric of those societies and have actually increased indebtedness to First World bankers. Trade agreements and administrative bodies, such as the NAFTA and the WTO, are designed to eliminate local restrictions on investments by international firms and barriers to the free movement of goods between nations. The freedom for capital to move freely among nations has also fueled rampant financial speculation unrelated to productive investment. Unconscionably, American taxpayers have been forced to bailout those engaged in extracting wealth from the developing world. Free market ideology is used to justify the gutting of the social and legal structures of nations. But it is a disingenuous view. Free market activities posited by Adam Smith involve local, individual economic actors, none of whom have the power to control the marketplace. Unregulated market activities by huge economic entities can result in market coercion. For example, monopolistic firms can externalize costs, that is, they are powerful enough to force societies to pay for the social and environmental side-effects of their activities. For example, labor and environmental regulations are often ignored with impunity with society picking up the pieces. The impact of corporations acting as legal persons cannot be overemphasized. Corporations overwhelm actual citizen political participation and free speech by the extent and intensity of their political lobbying and media controlling efforts. Corporations and the rich, in a form of legalized bribery, basically fund political campaigns. They also heavily sway public opinion through public relations front organizations, conservative think-tanks, and the control of the major media. The dependency of the media on advertising dollars virtually guarantees presentation of views that are compatible with corporate interests, not to mention the fact that the huge media empires are themselves transnational corporations with no interest in harming broader corporate interests. As the author indicates, corporations have largely "colonized" the common culture. Television is the main media outlet for the inculcation of business-friendly values, which emphasizes the avid pursuit of consumption. Even political activity has become mostly the marketing of pleasing candidates. The message is incessantly and subtly delivered that a free market system is self running and stabilizing and needs little or no political interference. Of course, the reality is far different. Corporations have infiltrated government at all levels with the sole purpose of ensuring that governments take an active role in supporting the corporate agenda, or pro-business regulation. In addition, gover | |