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The study of ferroelectricity is a branch of solid state physics which has shown rapid growth during the recent years. Ferroelectric materials exhibit unusual electric properties which make them useful in modern (opto)electronic technology, esp. display technology.
Ferroelectric and antiferroelectric liquid crystals, including also various polymer forms, are the hottest research topic today in liquid crystals. The field is at the very beginning of industrial exploitation - a sensitive phase in which a good reference work is needed and will have a broad spectrum of readers both at universities and in industry. ... Read more

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Book Description

Expanded bed adsorption chromatography is a novel processingtechnique for the purification of biomolecules, combiningclarification, concentration and initial purification in one step. Bysuch an integration it is possible to reduce the number of steps inthe purification process, to shorten the processing time and toimprove the yields. The technology is new, and interesting developments have taken placeconcerning the adsorbents, the processing technology and potentialapplications. Both small-scale laboratory processes and largerindustrial processes are being developed. Expanded bed chromatography is one of the most exciting newdevelopments in downstream processing in recent years. The technologywill be a standard procedure when new biotechnological processes arebeing developed. ... Read more

Book Description

Crystals are the unacknowledged pillars of the world of modern technology. Today's technological developments depend critically on the availability of suitable single crystals, whether for lasers, semiconductors, magnetic devices, optical devices, superconductors or telecommunication. In spite of great technological advances in recent years, we are still at an early stage with respect to the growth of several important crystals such as diamond, silicon carbide, PZT and gallium nitride. This book covers all important aspects of crystal growth and growth techniques, together with relevant case studies. Particular emphasis is placed on new approaches designed to overcome the present limitations on crystal growth. The book will be essential reading for all scientists working on crystal growth. ... Read more

Book Description

Crystal engineering is a rapidly emerging, cross-disciplinaryfield that seeks to develop protocols for predicting and controllingthe structure and thus the functional properties of solids. Suchproperties range from the mundane (colour, melting point) to those ofgreat relevance to materials scientists and physicists (polarity,porosity, conductivity). The emergence of the field can be attributedto a corresponding rise in the importance of supramolecular chemistryand its relevance to areas as diverse as polymorphism inpharmaceuticals, nonlinear optics and high Tc superconductors. The crystal engineer needs an understanding of bonding theory,computational chemistry, applied spectroscopy, structural methods,synthesis strategies, and applications of custom-designed solids. Thisbook contains chapters on all these topics, written by internationallyrecognised experts, in addition to contributions from some of theleading researchers in the field. Readership: Synthetic chemists, solid-state chemists,physicists, pharmaceutical researchers interested in polymorphism andthe bulk properties of solids; theoreticians interested in theprediction of bulk properties. The book can serve both as anintroduction to the field and an advanced research reference. ... Read more

Book Description

This third volume completes the first part of the project " Macromolecular Physics." The first volume dealt with the description of macromolecular crystals; the second volume dealt with crystal growth; and the third volume summarizes our knowledge of the melting of linear, flexible macromolecules. The discussion in the three volumes goes from reasonably well-established topics, such as the structure, morphology, and defects in crystals, to topics still in flux, such as crystal nucleation, detailed growth mechanisms, and annealing processes, to arrive at the present topics of equilibrium, nonequilibrium, and copolymer melting.Our knowledge is quite limited on many aspects of these latter topics. ... Read more

Book Description

The Handbook of Liquid Crystals is a unique compendium of knowledge on all aspects of liquid crystals. In over 2000 pages the Handbook provides detailed information on the basic principles of both low- and high-molecular weight materials, as well as the synthesis, characterization, modification, and applications (such as in computer displays or as structural materials) of all types of liquid crystals.

The five editors of the Handbook are internationally renowned experts from both industry and academia and have drawn together over 70 leading figures in the field as authors.

The four volumes of the Handbook are designed both to be used together or as stand-alone reference sources. Some users will require the whole set, others will be best served with one or two of the volumes.

Volume 1 deals with the basic physical and chemical principles of liquid crystals, including structure-property relationships, nomenclature, phase behavior, characterization methods, and general synthesis and application strategies. As such this volume provides an excellent introduction to the field and a powerful learning and teaching tool for graduate students and above.

Volumes 2A and 2B concentrate on low-molecular weight materials, for example those typically used in display technology. A high quality survey of the literature is provided along with full details of molecular design strategies, phase characterization and control, and applications development. These volumes are therefore by far the most detailed reference sources on these industrially very important materials, ideally suited for professionals in the field.

Volume 3 concentrates on high-molecular weight, or polymeric, liquid crystals, some of which are found in structural applications and others occur as natural products of living systems. A high-quality literature survey is complemented by full detail of the synthesis, processing, analysis, and applications of all important materials classes. This volume is the most comprehensive reference source on these materials, and is therefore ideally suited for professionals in the field. ... Read more

Book Description

The evolution of our understanding of most properties of new functional materials is related to our knowledge of their atomic-scale structure. To further this, several X-ray and neutron techniques are employed. The anomalous X-ray scattering (AXS) method, exploiting the so-called anomalous dispersion effect near the absorption edge of the constituent element, is one of the most powerful methods for determining the accurate partial structure functions of individual pairs of constituents or the environmental functions around specific elements in multicomponent systems. AXS is useful for both crystalline and non-crystalline systems, for studies of surface and bulk materials. This book is the first on this new method of structural characterization. It describes the basics and application principles, and also treats the specifics of application to liquid alloys, supercooled liquids, solutions, metallic glasses, oxide glasses, superconducting ionic glasses etc. ... Read more

Book Description

In this book the editors collect important papers on the development of liquid crystal science into one reference volume. The collection is divided into sections, each of which is prefaced by a brief commentary, referring to the historic-scientific context of the time. Some of these papers are available for the first time in English. Crystals that flow is aimed at liquid crystal scientists, with backgroundin physice, mathematics, chemistry, engineering or computer science. Historians of science will also find this a useful reference. ... Read more

Book Description

Silicon dioxide plays a central role in most contemporary electronic and photonic technologies, from fiber optics for communications and medical applications to metal-oxide-semiconductor devices. Many of these applications directly involve point defects, which can either be introduced during the manufacturing process or by exposure to ionizing radiation. They can also be deliberately created to exploit new technologies.

This book provides a general description of the influence that point defects have on the global properties of the bulk material and their spectroscopic characterization through ESR and optical spectroscopy. ... Read more

Book Description

Coverings are efficient ways to exhaust Euclidean N-space with congruent geometric objects. Discrete quasiperiodic systems are exemplified by the atomic structure of quasicrystals. The subject of coverings of discrete quasiperiodic sets emerged in 1995. The theory of these coverings provides a new and fascinating perspective of order down to the atomic level. The authors develop concepts related to quasiperiodic coverings and describe results. Specific systems in 2 and 3 dimensions are described with many illustrations. The atomic positions in quasicrystals are analyzed. ... Read more

Book Description

This detailed monograph presents the theory of reversible plasticity as a new direction of development in crystal physics. It features a unique integration of traditional concepts and new studies of high- temperature superconductors, plus in-depth analyses of various related phenomena. Among the topics discussed are elastic twinning (discovered by Dr. Garber), thermoelastic martensite transformation, superelasticity, shape memory effects, the domain structure of ferroelastics, and elastic aftereffect. Partial Contents: 1. Transformation of Dislocations. Dislocation Description of a Phase Transformation Front. 2. Dislocation Theory of Elastic Twinning. Twinning of Crystals: Principal Definitions. 3. Statics and Dynamics of Elastic Twinning. Discovery of Elastic Twinning. Verification of the Validity of the Static Theory in a Description of the Macroscopic Behavior of an Elastic Twin. 4. Thermoelastic Martensitic Transformation. Martensitic Transformation: a Diffusionless Process of Rebuilding the Crystal Lattice. 5. Superelasticity and the Shape Memory Effect. Main Characteristics of Superelasticity and Shape Memory Effects. 6. Reversible Plasticity of Ferroelastics. Ferroelastics: Main Definitions. 7. Investigation of Reversible Plasticity of Crystals by the Acoustic Emission Method. Emission of Sound by Moving Dislocations andTheir Pileups. Methods Used in Experimental Investigations of the Acoustic Emission Generated by a SingleTwin. Acoustic Emission Associated with Elastic Twinning. 8. Influence of Reversible Plasticity of Superconductors on Their Physical Properties. Reversible Changes in the Parameters of Traditional Superconductors under the Action of Elastic Stresses. Influence of Magnetic Fields on Reversible Changes in the Parameters ... Read more

Book Description

Prigogine and Rice's highly acclaimed series, Advances in Chemical Physics, provides a forum for critical, authoritative reviews of current topics in every area of chemical physics. Edited by J.K. Vij, this volume focuses on recent advances in liquid crystals with significant, up-to-date chapters authored by internationally recognized researchers in the field. ... Read more