Book Description

The theoretical aspects of crystal packing, the study of the nature and magnitude of the forces that hold molecules together in organic crystals, and of the most favourable arrangements of molecules in crystals are dealt with in this book. After an introductory chapter on the definition and relevance of symmetry in crystal packing, a chapter deals with the physical foundations of weak intermolecular forces and with their simulation by quantum chemical methods. Subsequently, the relationships between crystal structure and crystal thermodynamics are described using empirical intermolecular potentials to bridge the gap by computer modelling. ... Read more

Book Description

Hardbound. As it results from the very nature of things, the spherical symmetry of the surrounding of a site in a crystal lattice or an atom in a molecule can never occur. Therefore, the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of any bound ion or atom have to differ from those of spherically symmetric respective free ions. In this way, the most simplified concept of the crystal field effect or ligand field effect in the case of individual molecules can be introduced.The conventional notion of the crystal field potential is narrowed to its non-spherical part only through ignoring the dominating spherical part which produces only a uniform energy shift of gravity centres of the free ion terms. It is well understood that the non-spherical part of the effective potential "seen" by open-shell electrons localized on a metal ion plays an essential role in most observed properties. Light adsorption, electron paramagnetic resonance, inelastic neutron scattering and ba ... Read more

Book Description

This is a self-contained, tutorial introduction to two-dimensional crystal science and technology. Including concise descriptions of experimental methods and results from fundamental theoretical concepts, this book covers a broad range of two-dimensional structures--from overlayers to freestanding films. All those with an active interest in surface science and statistical physics will find this book to be an essential reference work.

Key Features
* Presents a coherent overview of experimental methods and theoretical background of two-dimensional crystal physics
* Provides a tutorial overview of continuous melting of two-dimensional crystals, roughening transitions, wetting phenomena, and commensurate-incommensurate transitions ... Read more

Book Description

This monograph focuses on the interaction processes of excitons and charge carriers with the local environment, including the polarization and localization phenomena and the formation of polaronic quasiparticles. Transport phenomena are discussed and directly correlated with interaction dynamics, which actually determine the time- and temperature-dependent transiton of charge carriers and excitons from a coherent to a diffusive mode of motion. ... Read more

Book Description

Liquid crystal technology is one of the most important developments in today's world. Materials can have their molecules realigned, using magnetic or electrical fields, and in the process acquire the properties of both solids and liquids.These new materials are also inexpensive, occupy small spaces, and use little energy. As a result, liquid crystal materials are increasingly used in everyday objects: notebook computer screens, flat screen TV's, stereo displays, 3-D computer chips, and displays on phones and digital watches. This book brings together the most important research from this field in the last 15 years, presenting a timely reference for professionals in chemistry and physics, and those leading institutions and businesses that work with cutting-edge technologies.The book covers both theory and practice, explaining both the processes that govern liquid crystals and their scientific and technological applications. Extensive references to papers and reviews on critical aspects of this technology are included. An introductory chapter gives readers a general background, followed by chapters from leading experts on such topics as synthesis and new materials, theory and computation, phase structures and transitions, ferroelectrics and external field effects, interfaces and surfaces, liquid crystal polymers, addressing schemes, communication devices, optical linear phenomena in liquid crystals, and bistable displays. Anyone who works with liquid crystals will welcome this reference on their bookshelves. ... Read more

Book Description

Freely Suspended Liquid Crystalline Films Andrei A. Sonin Centre d'Etudes Atomiques de Saclay, France and Institute of Crystallography, Russian Academy of Sciences with a Foreword by Professor Noel Clark University of Colorado, USA This book provides a brief introduction to the physics of liquid crystals and to macroscopic physical parameters characterising freely suspended liquid crystalline (FSLC) films, and then reviews the experimental techniques for preparing these films, measuring their thicknesses, and investigating their physical properties and structural aspects. Molecular structures and defects of FSLC films and the problems of film stability, thinning and rupture are discussed in later chapters. Physical phenomena, such as orientational and phase transitions, Frederick's and flexoelectric effects, hydroelectrodynamics, etc., are also analysed. Finally, some applications of FSLC films in industry and in various branches of science are discussed. Specialists working in the physics of liquid crystals and in surface physics will find this book of interest. Industrial firms and their research centres investigating liquid crystals, biological membranes, detergent/surfactant/biomedical areas; and graduates and postgraduates in solid state physics and crystallography will also benefit from this book. The book has an easy-to-read style with just the minimum amount of mathematics necessary to explain important concepts. This is the first book dedicated exclusively to the physics of FSLC in almost a century since their discovery and last twenty years of their active studies. Andrei Sonin, a scientist in the area of FSLC and author of many articles on surface phenomena in liquid crystals, the properties and behaviour of thin liquid crystalline and surfactant films, has a long standing reputation in liquid crystals and surfactant systems and has been particularly active in issues involving surface interactions. ... Read more

Book Description

This hands-on guide details various experimental techniques used in the study of liquid crystals and other soft-condensed matter systems. Each chapter portrays an important technique used to study and characterize these systems, fully discussing both the capabilities and limitations of each particular method. In addition, the volume also describes general routes used to synthesize liquid crystals,tools to characterize liquid crystal phases, and seeks to show structure property relationships for well known systems. This book will be indispensable for established workers in the field as well as students embarking on liquid crystal research. ... Read more

Book Description

International Tables for Crystallography, Volume E, Subperiodic groups covers the seven frieze groups, the 75 rod groups and the 80 layer groups. The information tabulated for these groups is identical in format and content as that given for the 230 space groups in Volume A. In addition, scanning tables are given for each of the 230 space groups. These scanning tables give the largest subgroup of the space group that leaves the given plane invariant. The use of the scanning tables is shown in determining the symmetry of domain walls. Volume E has been reviewed by R. Gould (Crystallography News, No. 85, June 2003, p. 13). International Tables for personal use can be purchased at a discount. Contact Customer Service for further information and to place an order. ... Read more

Book Description

''Splendid!'' --Ultramicroscopy This authoritative text on electron diffraction and crystal structure analysis is the firstto describe direct phasing techniques in electron crystallography.Written for electron diffractionists and electron microscopists, thisfully illustrated volume presents methods for specimen preparation,data collection and structure analysis. Chapters feature numerousdetailed examples of actual structure analyses and contain over 350illustrations. ... Read more

Book Description

This book presents the second volume of a complete development of the new structural classification of minerals, which is based on the internal crystal structure, and is therefore its natural classification. Because of the large domain of the mineral kingdom, this work is divided into three volumes, in which the minerals are ordered from the structurally simple to the more complex.

Audience: This work will be of particular interest to teachers and research workers in mineralogy, and in inorganic crystal structures in academia. ... Read more

Book Description

Innovations in crystallographic instrumentation and the rapid development of methods of diffraction measurement have led to a vast improvement in our ability to determine crystal and molecular structure. This up-to-date resource will allow the reader to harness the potential of X-ray diffraction instruments. Different sources of X-radiation used in crystallography are introduced, including synchrotron radiation, as well as a systematic review of detectors for X-rays and basic instruments for single crystal and powder diffractometry. The principles of the diffraction experiment are discussed and related to their practical application with a comparative description of different scan procedures.Diffraction data collection and processing are also reviewed and methods for error correction are described. This book will provide a useful guide for researchers and students starting in this area of science, as well as skilled crystallographers. ... Read more

Book Description

Book Description

Structural crystallographic analysis can reveal the stereochemistry and detailed molecular arrangement of chemical species and series of compounds in the solid state.Based on the Eighth International Symposium on Organic Crystal Chemistry, this volume provides accessible overviews of topics in the forefront of contemporary organic molecule crystallography.Topics include special techniques for collection and treatment of diffraction data, crystalline-state reactions, structure correlation from the database and structure activity relations, as well as molecular crystal conformation, packing, and hydrogen bonding. Students and researchers in crystallography and organic chemistry will want to own a copy of this book. ... Read more

Book Description

The Handbook of Liquid Crystals is a unique compendium of knowledge on all aspects of liquid crystals. In over 2000 pages the Handbook provides detailed information on the basic principles of both low- and high-molecular weight materials, as well as the synthesis, characterization, modification, and applications (such as in computer displays or as structural materials) of all types of liquid crystals.

The five editors of the Handbook are internationally renowned experts from both industry and academia and have drawn together over 70 leading figures in the field as authors.

The four volumes of the Handbook are designed both to be used together or as stand-alone reference sources. Some users will require the whole set, others will be best served with one or two of the volumes.

Volume 1 deals with the basic physical and chemical principles of liquid crystals, including structure-property relationships, nomenclature, phase behavior, characterization methods, and general synthesis and application strategies. As such this volume provides an excellent introduction to the field and a powerful learning and teaching tool for graduate students and above.

Volumes 2A and 2B concentrate on low-molecular weight materials, for example those typically used in display technology. A high quality survey of the literature is provided along with full details of molecular design strategies, phase characterization and control, and applications development. These volumes are therefore by far the most detailed reference sources on these industrially very important materials, ideally suited for professionals in the field.

Volume 3 concentrates on high-molecular weight, or polymeric, liquid crystals, some of which are found in structural applications and others occur as natural products of living systems. A high-quality literature survey is complemented by full detail of the synthesis, processing, analysis, and applications of all important materials classes. This volume is the most comprehensive reference source on these materials, and is therefore ideally suited for professionals in the field. ... Read more

Book Description

Metal Clusters Edited by Walter Ekardt Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany The current state of knowledge on these aggregated metal atoms, including both the fundamental principles and recent results, is presented here in a comprehensive form. Emphasis is placed on the theory linking it to the latest experimental results. Topics covered include: The Jellium Model; The Quantum Chemical Approach; Density Functional Theory and Car-Parrinello Molecular Dynamics; Dissociation, Fragmentation and Fission; Optical and Thermal Properties of Sodium Clusters; and Magnetic Properties of Transition Metal Clusters. Metal Clusters is set to become the standard reference work in this mature field and will be invaluable for all researchers in a broad range of disciplines from theoretical chemistry to condensed matter physics and materials science. ... Read more

Book Description

By considering the solid state packing of linear chain wax components, this book aims at understanding three things: firstly, which modifications of molecular components are allowed for maintaining stable solid solutions; secondly, what happens when stability conditions are traversed and fractionation begins and thirdly, the structure of fractionated arrays.The co-compatibility of molecular ingredients is considered in terms of their shapes and relative sizes, following an approach originally proposed by Kitaigorodskii. As demonstrated profusely by the crystal structures of pure component types (e. g. alkanes, fatty alcohols, fatty acids, long chain esters, cholesteryl esters) and insertion of functional groups (e. g. chain branches, unsaturation, heteroatoms), characteristic molecular packing arrays provide important geometric information for understanding the co-packing of different molecules in mixtures. Single crystal and spectroscopic data from polydisperse arrays can then be evaluated to arrive at plausible structures of solid solutions and fractionated systems. The resultant structures are not only relevant to the understanding of so-called waxes but also include certain classes of polymers. The ramifications of this work extend into any solid state array of polymethylene chains, including lipid foodstuffs. ... Read more

Book Description

Basic Crystallography J. -J. Rousseau Department of Physics, University of Maine, Le Mans, France Translated from the French by A. James, University of Picardie, France Basic Crystallography deals with the basic principles of geometrical crystallography which are introduced through the study of lattices, symmetry operations and the enumeration and construction of point groups and space groups. Stereographic projection is used to enable students to visualise crystallographic structures in real space. The author devotes the second part of the book to X-ray crystallography, showing how different diffraction directions depend on the lattice and how spot intensities are related to the unit-cell. To give students an understanding of the principles of structural determination, the classical techniques of diffraction and methods of interpreting spectra are examined. To tackle the more challenging aspects of the subject, help is given to the student in the form of exercises with answers and a computer disk accompanies the book allowing readers to work through exercises and plot their own crystallographic data. Written primarily for final year undergraduate students of physics, chemistry, materials science and geometry the book will also be useful for engineering students. ... Read more

Book Description

Fundamentals and practical applications of diffraction for researchers, engineers, and students
Materials science relies heavily on diffraction for the analysis of materials. Introduction to Diffraction in Materials Science and Engineering is a survey of the practical aspects of this valuable tool. Though it contains basic discussion of the theory and physics of diffraction, this book emphasizes understanding and the practical application of diffraction in materials science-making it a valuable text and resource for students, professionals, and researchers.
Designed as a teaching and self-study text, this resource begins with a treatment of the fundamentals of crystallography and crystal structure and its importance in diffraction before moving on to cover important aspects of diffraction applications. Numerous examples and problems at the end of each chapter, including critical thinking questions, make this an excellent tool for learning and understanding. The book includes treatments of:
* Basics of crystallography
* Geometrical representation of crystals and reciprocal space
* X-rays and neutrons
* Structure factors and intensity
* Powder diffraction
* Qualitative (Powder Diffraction File) and quantitative phase analysis
* Use of the International Tables for more complex structures and the Reitveld method
* Residual stress
* Introductions to texture, small diffracting units, and long-range order
Aaron Krawitz provides both a practical introduction to diffraction that suits the needs of students and a resource for professionals already at work in materials science or engineering who want to utilize the power of diffraction in the study of materials. ... Read more