Book Description

For eighty-two years, this authoritative reference has been the bedrock volume for professionals worldwide involved with chemicals – from scientific and technical staff, to sales and marketing personnel, to managers and administrators. This resource remains unrivaled in totality, easy accessibility, and conciseness of data for common chemical substances and phenomena.
In its fourteenth edition, Hawley’s Condensed Chemical Dictionary once again establishes itself as the world’s principal lexicon of industrial chemicals, nomenclature, processes, reactions, products, and related terminology. Scrutinized and extensively revised by internationally renowned chemist and reference author, Richard J. Lewis Sr., this newest edition features updated information on production, usage, and regulatory trends. In addition, the dictionary contains:

- Up-to-date chemical entries, definitions, and cross references
- Web links to new, as well as established, manufacturers and associations
- To-the-point information on natural products, manufacturing processes, and equipment

This latest edition of the Condensed Chemical Dictionary has retained all the essential characteristics that have made it a bestseller by providing identification of chemical substances by name, physical properties, source of occurrence, CAS number, chemical formula, potential hazards, derivations, synonyms, and applications. It continues to be an essential tool for chemists and chemical engineers, environmental professionals, industrial hygienists, toxicologists, police and firefighters, EMTs, emergency clean-up technicians, and managers of toxicological and chemical information systems. ... Read more

Reviews (3)

AN ALL-ENCOMPASSING REFERENCE TOOL
Also available in CD-ROM, this all-in-one resource is an authoritative reference which many scientists and learners can count on. Since its first appearance some eighty years ago, this dictionary has established itself as the ultimate tool of choice for researchers.
Its extensive coverage of chemicals and pharmaceuticals is hard to rival. Users of this dictionary appreciate its concise definition of both terms and phenomena. Anybody who seeks a solid all-encompassing chemical lexicon will get the ultimate satisfaction here. Its 1300 pages are filled with the most up-to-date definitions.
The only sour point, though, is that its price is on the high side. Still, it is not a bad investment.

Excellant book for practical chemists, researches, students.
This book provides condensed and prompt information not only on chemistry related subjects, but biology, biochemistry, and many more. It has very good cross referances. I think anybody who decided to buy Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary would not regret it.

WANT TO REVIEW LATEST EDITION.
I HAVE THE NINTH EDITION OF THE CONDENSED CHEMICAL DICTIONARY REVISED BY GESSNER G. HAWLEY AND I WANT THE LATEST EDITION OF THIS BOOK. PLEASE SEND ME THE BEST RATES YOU CAN OFFER AND THE MODE OF DESPATCH. COMPLETE DETAILS SO AS TO ENABLE US TO PRCURE THIS BOOK. ALONG WITH IT PLEASE SEND ME THE COMPLETE DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS TOO.

AWAITING FOR YOUR PROMPT AND FAVOURABLE RESPONSE.

VIRAT LALANI. ... Read more

Book Description

This revision brings the reader completely up to date on the evolving methods associated with increasingly more complex sample types analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography, or HPLC. The book also incorporates updated discussions of many of the fundamental components of HPLC systems and practical issues associated with the use of this analytical method. This edition includes new or expanded treatments of sample preparation, computer assisted method development, as well as biochemical samples, and chiral separations. ... Read more

Reviews (3)

A great book - information overload
This is a very useful reference to have if you work extensively on HPLC. I find its of more use to understand concepts ...there is a lot of information here.

Which means - if you are looking for a solution to a problem and you want to research separation theory - a great book.

If your looking for a quick fix to an HPLC problem - not as good. This is a detailed, extensive and well written text on HPLC Method development - wish there was more on validation here though.

Plactical and Rational method Development!
Rational Method development for HPLC is resented. Instruction of rational development of 3-solvent separation system is excellent. This book also has useful know-hows and tools in practical laboratory experiments, such as strength of hydrogen bonding of base silica and nomograph for estimation of "solvent strength" for reversed phase HPLC.

an excellent book on pratical HPLC
The book is useful for gerenal operator who are both novice and expert. It do is pratice. It's better give another chapter for troubleshooting and maintence. ... Read more

Book Description

This world-famous reference work has been enlarged and updated without tampering with its tried and tested format. Around 500 alphabetically ordered, monographic entries consider the physicochemical properties, production methods and safe applications of over 120 explosive chemicals; discuss 70 fuels, additives and oxidizing agents; and describe test methods.

The extensive thermodynamic data have been thoroughly updated and for the first time are also provided in electronic format. The included CD-ROM was compiled by the Fraunhofer Institute of Chemical Technology (Pfinztal, Germany) and represents an excerpt from the ICT Thermodynamical Database. Not only additional thermodynamic data, and references to further reading, but also enhanced search facilities are provided.

Other key features include: the 1500-entry combined index and glossary (comprising terms and abbreviations in English, French and German), conversion tables and many literature references.

This book is suitable for explosive experts and also for translators, public authorities and patent lawyers.

From reviews of previous editions:
'... This wealth of information and an index that comprises some 1500 keywords and several conversion tables make this a unique source of knowledge for anybody working with explosives.' (Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics)
... Read more

Reviews (1)

Excellent basic reference on explosive materials.
While lacking complex descriptions of explosive concepts, this book provides the user with an invaluable reference guide to the basic concepts behind explosive materials and explosive physics. An invaluable reference guide to a wide variety of commercial and specialty explosive materials, this book is a must have for anyone involved in the field of commercial explosives ... Read more

Book Description

Whether you are involved with selling raw materials, producing rubber compounds, or designing rubber components and products, The Rubber Formulary is the right data source to meet your needs. This first ever collection of 500 suggested formulas has been provided by raw materials suppliers around the world. Written for both technical and managerial personnel, this collection of formulas and basic texts will also benefit students and other individuals just entering the field.

The formulas are introduced by an overview of compounding raw materials, processes and evaluation techniques. The eleven formulary sections are grouped according to elastomer type. Convenience is the primary reason for this book. With the variety of uses for rubber being as broad as the imagination, a formulary which includes an overview of the history of rubber, as well as sections on ingredients, processing methods, and testing, is a welcome addition to any manufacturer’s library.

Key Features:

- Unique content not found elsewhere

- Formularies collected from those who actually designed them

- Contents can be used as guide, reference, or academic text

- Appendix includes trade-named raw materials, suppliers’ directory, and conversion tables for tensile strength, temperature, and masses & measures

Reviews (1)

organic chemistry in rubber industries
What are the importances of organic chemistry in rubber industries and how is rubber manufactured? ... Read more

Book Description

Fully updated-the classic comprehensive introduction to color technology
The Third Edition of Billmeyer and Saltzman's Principles of Color Technology combines the clarity and ease of use of earlier editions with two decades of advancement in the theory and technology of color. Defining color as "a certain kind of light, its effect on the human eye, or (most important of all) the result of this effect in the mind of the viewer," the book offers detailed coverage of color, colorants, the coloring of materials, and reproducing the color of materials through imaging.
While retaining important material on the color technology of paints, plastics, textiles, and other materials, the Third Edition features in-depth coverage of computer-generated color, digital image capture, desktop color printing, and color management-achieving color fidelity among scanners, digital cameras, and other color imaging devices. The new edition of Principles of Color Technology offers expanded coverage that includes:
* Measuring color quality-a new chapter describes the principles and applications of setting instrumental color tolerances
* Mathematics of color technology-a new appendix presents principles of color technology using mathematics
* Color modeling-additional material covers CRT displays and color printing
Supplemented with copious numerical examples, graphs, and illustrations that clarify and explain complex material, as well as side bars that present technical details in a well-organized, accessible manner, this excellent and exciting introduction for newcomers to the field is also a valuable reference for experienced color technologists, color specialists, chemical and industrial engineers, computer scientists, research scientists, and mathematicians interested in color. ... Read more

Reviews (1)

Student Review of B&S Principles of Color Technology
The latest edition of Billmeyer and Saltzman's Principles of Color Technology is a complete rewrite. The author's use of in-text examples and "back to principles" appendix facilitate understanding of the concepts. The range of color science conepts (from basic colorimetry to an end-to-end color imaging system) make it a must-have for the color science student to the experienced color professional. ... Read more

Book Description

This second edition of Introductory Raman Spectroscopy serves as a guide to newcomers who wish to become acquainted with this dynamic technique. Written by three acknowledged experts this title uses examples to illustrate the usefulness of the technique of Raman spectroscopy in such diverse areas as forensic science, biochemistry, medical, pharmaceutical prescription and illicit drugs. The technique also has many uses in industry.

Updated Applications chapter
ú Demonstrated the versatility and utility of Raman spectroscopy in problem solving in science
ú Serves as an excellent reference text for both beginners and more advanced students
ú Discusses new applications of Raman spectroscopy in industry and research ... Read more

Book Description

The Fifth Edition of Hazardous Chemicals Desk Reference contains Safety Profiles, synonyms, physical properties, standards, and recommendations of government agencies for approximately 5,000 chemicals deemed both important and potentially hazardous by the international scientific community. Substances were chosen on the basis of meeting a variety of criteria, including:

• Having an OSHA standard
• Having an ACGIH TLV
• Listed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer Groups

• Listed on the NTP Ninth Report on Carcinogens
• Having a German Research Society’s Mak or Bat listing
• Having especially dangerous toxic, reactive, or fire properties

Reviews (3)

Excellent book.
This book is excellent. It is technical but easy to understand, has illustrations, comprehensive, and very informative. Highly recommended.

Practical, Hands-on Manual for the Plastics Professional
This book reveals the basic background required by personnel in the plastics field in designing parts for injection molding. It has many examples and illustrations of real-life applications instead of endless derivations of equations. It is a very useful, well structured, easy to follow guide for assisting in your design and knowledge of polymer related products.

Plastic product design was never made so clear and pellucid
Dr.Malloy's book reflects the common problems an engineer would face while designing a plastic part. His book takes all the possible design problems that one might not even expect. He deserves 10,0000000**********'s. ... Read more

Book Description

Represents the largest collection of polymer NMR spectra available

This unique source of information provides a fingerprint of individual polymers, so the microstructure or fine structure of the polymer can be readily identified. Appropriate NMR analysis conditions (solvent(s), temperature, pulse angle, etc.) are specified for each polymer sample. All the resonances, often obtained at different frequencies, are interpreted with remarks concerning the homopolymer or copolymer skeletons.

• Contains over 530 1H and 13C NMR spectra of soluble and swollen gelled 13C polymers
• Includes new NMR polymer spectra, together with those previously published
• Comprehensive bibliography
• Spectra are grouped into families for ready-searching
• CD-ROM is fully searchable and user-friendly
• 5th Edition of popular reference work

  ... Read more

Book Description

The most comprehensive reference in the field, Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation for Organic Synthesis provides synthetic chemists and chemical engineers in fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals with detailed experimental guidelines for heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation. Organized by functional groups for ready reference and featuring detailed examples of hundreds of reactions, this handbook covers hydrogenations of alkenes, alkynes, aldehydes and ketones, nitriles, imines, nitro and nitroso compounds, carboxylic acids and esters, and aromatic and heterocyclic compounds. In addition, coverage includes the preparation of amines by reductive alkylation and the hydrogenolysis of a variety of compounds. Examples of hydrogenation of functional groups and reaction pathways are illustrated with numerous equations and schemes.

Practitioners will appreciate the plenitude of experimental details given for most of the reactions selected, including amounts of reagents and catalysts, reaction temperatures, hydrogen pressures, and reaction times. They will also find helpful the more than one hundred tables included throughout the book detailing the effects of key factors governing rate and selectivity, such as compound structure, the nature of catalysts and supports, and the nature of solvents. Researchers will benefit from the introductory chapters covering an array of hydrogenation catalysts, including nickel, cobalt, copper, iron, platinum group metals, rhenium, and other oxide and sulfide catalysts, as well as reactors and reaction conditions. ... Read more

Book Description

Introduction to the Technology of Explosives Paul W. Cooper and Stanley R. Kurowski Introduction to the Technology of Explosives is a clear and concise survey of the technologies and physical processes involved in explosive phenomena. The book is intended to provide the worker new to the field with sufficient background to understand problems that may arise and to interact intelligently with specialists in the field. The book covers the fundamentals of the chemistry of explosives; the mechanics of burning; sound, shock, and detonation; initiation and initiators; scaling in design and analysis; and off-the-shelf explosive devices. It provides the basic calculational skills needed to solve simple, first-order engineering design problems, and emphasizes the crucial importance of safety considerations. The book contains a broad range of data on explosive materials, and their properties and behavior, along with extensive lists of useful references. Example problems with solutions are provided in each technical area, as are descriptions and analysis of a wide variety of explosive devices. The book concludes with a thorough and comprehensive description of regulatory requirements for the classification, transportation, and storage of explosives, and an extensive guide to explosives safety in plant and test facilities. This book will be of interest to explosives technicians and engineers, government regulators, crime and accident scene investigators, and instructors in military, police, and FBI bomb schools. ... Read more

Book Description

This Second Edition provides solid state scientists, who are not necessarily experts in crystallography, with an understandable and comprehensive guide to the new International Tables for Crystallography. The basic ideas of symmetry, lattices, point groups, and space groups are explained in a clear and detailed manner. Notation is introduced in a step-by-step way so that the reader is supplied with the tools necessary to derive and apply space group information. Of particular interest in this second edition are the discussions of space groups application to such timely topics as high-temperature superconductors, phase transitions, semiconductor superlattices, incommensurate modulation, and icosahedral symmetry.

Key Features
* Explains the use of space groups to non-crystallographers
* Applies space groups to current topics, such as high-temperature superconductors and phase transitions
* Includes extensive appendixes, covering all aspects of space groups, including incommensurate modulations and disorder ... Read more

Reviews (4)

Not for beginners
If you have never taken a basic crystallography course then this book will not make any sense.Although the authors attempt to make crystallography understandable, they fail miserably.Their style is very fractured and there is little transition between chapters so it seems as if nothing is connected.In short, the book makes perfect sense if you are ALREADY a crystallographer, but if you are new to the field then I would recommend some other text.

Best pedagogical book on Space Groups
This book provides a good, clear introduction to Space Groups that will make using International Tables straightforward.The applications are almost entirely crystallographic (very few applications to solid state physics), but a reader can move to that area after studying this book.
I like this treatment better than any I've seen for graduate students and practicing nontheorists.

An excellent book for applied scientists & engineers
If I needed to characterize this book in a single word, I would say...excellent. Space groups are a rather abstract discipline in crystallography and hence, many books dealing with the subject are usually very theoretical. Burns' book is written for the applied scientist or engineer who needs a working knowledge on a sophisticated concept such as Space groups. The book is structured in a quite pedagogical style which lends itself to a pleasant self-study perfectly well. Worked-out examples are plenty which helps the reader to familiarize him/herself with the use of the International Tables for Crystallography. The level of the treatment is elementary, yet its scope is comprehensive and the treatment is rigorous. The book is ideally suited for those working in the solid state sciences.

excellent for the beginner
Great book for the beginner who does'nt know very much about space groups or the International tables.The book goes through and shows you examples and step by step of what all that stuff means. It's got some examples at the end, but I skipped that.One annoying thins about this book is that all the settings are in 1st setting for monoclinic so you get p21/a instead of the standard p21/c.If you become a crystallographer you'll know what I mean.Besides that though, it's a great book, very easy reading.Recommended for the beginner. ... Read more

Book Description

Crucial information on nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons
From the diseased animal carcass hurled over the wall of a besieged castle to the nuclear suitcase bomb carried by a clandestine operative, the threat of unconventional weapons has always been a feature of warfare. Today's danger comes mainly from the potential use of nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) weapons of mass destruction (WMD) by international terrorists or rogue states. False alarms and misinformation about these weapons have abounded in the jittery post-9/11 atmosphere. To understand and deal with the actual threat posed requires basing response plans, policy, and reporting on actual facts.
Introduction to Weapons of Mass Destruction separates fact from fiction about NBC weaponry by providing clear, technically precise information. For each family of weapon, coverage in this handbook includes:
* History and background information
* Agent types and delivery mechanisms
* Effects of exposure
* Protection
* Safe storage and handling
* Decontamination
* Medical treatments
Drawing from a broad array of military, scientific, and safety resources, this text offers both accessibility to the general public and accuracy and depth for professional emergency responders. Additional resources include a bibliography of references and a list of addresses and telephone numbers of federal and military agencies and professional organizations of interest. With full coverage of WMDs, from high-tech, genetically modified organisms to rudimentary radiological "dirty bombs," Introduction to Weapons of Mass Destruction is an essential reference for understanding and responding to these dangerous warfare agents. ... Read more

Book Description

A quick pick-me-up or a subtle beverage with an aroma that conjures up images of special moments shared with special people?
There's more to coffee than that. Apart from being a beautiful tree with fragrant flowers, coffee is also a culture, practically a religion to a certain elite and certainly a source of income to millions of people, rich and poor alike.
Coffee professionals around the world will find the specific information they need in this lavishly illustrated and practical work designed to answer all their questions about the coffee plant and how it is grown, harvested, processed and refined.
Specialists and experienced professionals were consulted and some 40 renowned international experts have contributed their specific knowledge and expertise to this comprehensive handbook, covering such topics as:
* Growing
* Pests, diseases, and their control
* Harvesting and processing
* Storage, shipment, quality
* The latest economical and technological aspects.
In addition, special indexes demystify such confusing data as information sources, conversion tables and other technicalities. With its 40 chapters, over 1000 pages and 900 superb illustrations, this is a universally reliable manual, providing basic guidelines and recommendations applicable everywhere, and not geared to any specific country.
... Read more

Book Description

The Polyurethanes Book has been completely re-structured, re-written and enlarged by approximately 50%. It provides a greater focus on the whole range of components used to produce polyurethanes, a more detailed analysis of environmental issues and extended views on the applications for polyurethanes.

• Provides an easily-understood introduction for those with limited knowledge of chemistry
• Provides an up-to-date treatment of polyurethanes from a global perspective
• Gives a unique combination of marketing and technical information
• Deals with the aspects of health and safety, environmental considerations and responsible care

An easily accessible source for students and those in industry seeking to learn about the benefits of uses of polyurethanes ... Read more

Book Description

Introduction to Computational Chemistry Frank Jensen Odense University, Denmark Computational chemistry is a rapidly emerging and developing area, combining theoretical models with computers to investigate a variety of chemical phenomena. Increasingly applied throughout chemistry, computational methods are becoming an integral part of modern chemical research. Introduction to Computational Chemistry provides a comprehensive account of the fundamental principles underlying different methods, ranging from classical to sophisticated quantum models. Although the main focus is on molecular structures and energetics, subjects such as molecular properties, dynamical aspects, relativistic methods and qualitative models are also covered. Introduction to Computational Chemistry features:
* Coverage from first principles through to the latest advances.
* Relatively self-contained chapters, allowing for flexibility in the order in which they can be read.
* A web site containing additional information.
Suitable for students and researchers entering the field of computational chemistry, it is also an essential reference for procedures commonly cited in computational chemistry literature. No prior knowledge of concepts specific to computational chemistry is necessary, although some understanding of introductory quantum mechanics and elementary mathematics is assumed. ... Read more

Reviews (4)

You can not expect that much from this book
Well, this book is a must-read for those who perform ab initio calculations. If you have enough quantum chemistry background, then this book is a good reference for your electronic structure calculations. However, you can not expect that you can learn HF, MPn, CC, CASSCF, CI, SE, etc., from this book. I think the reason for this book being so popular is because there is lack another one of the same introductory level. This book is not simple enough for a beginner as well as not deep enough for advanced readers. It does not discuss all the topic covered in the book in detail (maybe the capter of basis set is the only exception). This book is also lack of a chaper for calculating thermodynamic properties based on ab initio results. Anyway, this book may fill some gaps of my knowledge on ab initio calculations, but I do not enjoy reading it because it never helps to understand the principle of ab initio. For those who want to learn quantum chemistry/ab initio calc., this is absolutely NOT the one. Levine's quantum chemistry (5th) and modern quantum chemisty are the books written in much better style. For MM, TST/statistical mechanics chapters, which should be removed and leave more space for ab initio, I agree with other reviewers.

Worthwhile purchase
Provides an excellent overview of quantum mechanical computational chemistry methods. Discusses semiempirical, wave mechanics and density functional approaches in great detail. Also goes a good job discussing basis sets, optimization methods etc. Unfortunately, much less attention is given to other computational methods such as molecular mechanics. If one desires an overview of the entire compuational chemistry field, I reccommend Molecular Modeling by Leach. If your interests lie primarily in QM methods, this book has a more complete discussion of these methods than Leach's text.

A nice book
For a brief, general introduction to Computational Chemistry I prefer Grant & Richards', and for a deeper, detailed description of the whole filed, Leach's. Jensen is mainly oriented towards 'ab initio' methods with a touch of Molecular Mechanics.
This book starts with a short introduction to Molecular Mechanics and Dynamics, and then moves on to 'ab initio' Quantum Chemistry methods, to which it is mainly devoted and where it extends in greater detail. There, it becomes an excellent and deeper introduction to all the methods of Quantum Chemistry, and gets its true value.
Detailed descriptions of the different levels of theory, basis sets, density functional theory, semiempirical methods, relativistic methods, etc... make it an excellent introductory reading. Math coverage is just enough to undertand what is going on and how it will affect the computation, but not enough to help you write or design your own software.
There are lots of examples along the book used to illustrate the points, and an invaluable chapter comparing the different methods, their accuracy and performance and their utility in different calculations. The book carefully avoids tying to specific software packages and keeps examples on a higher level thus maintaining its applicability and generality. This is a good book for those mainly interested in Quantum Methods, wishing to learn about them, how they work and how they are applied in practice, as well as how they are implemented and what this will cost in computability and computer time. The initial chapters on MM and MD are detailed enough to provide a starting link to the methods used for more complex molecular systems.

Introduction to Computational Chemistry
This informative textbook from Jensen provides a comprehensive review of methods in computational chemistry. The equations are kept to a minimal level to ensure a focus on methodology, as opposed to pure math. This text would suit any higher level undergraduate theoretical course. ... Read more

Book Description

This comprehensive, detailed treatise on the physics and applications of the new emerging technology of amorphous semiconductors focuses on specific device research problems such as the optimization of device performance.The first part of the book presents hydrogenated amorphous silicon type alloys, whose applications include inexpensive solar cells, thin film transistors, image scanners, electrophotography, optical recording and gas sensors. The second part of the book discusses amorphous chalcogenides, whose applications include electrophotography, switching, and memory elements.This book will serve as an excellent reference source for solid state scientists and engineers, and as a useful self-contained introduction to the field for graduate students. ... Read more

Book Description

Summarizes the current state of "front-end" risk-control techniques
Many approaches to risk control are possible. However, only through careful reading, evaluation, and study can one make the best choice of a practical philosophy for a system safety program. The goal is to apply the best scientific and engineering principles in the best way, resulting in the soundest and safest possible system.
System Safety for the 21st Century provides in-depth coverage of this specialized discipline within the safety profession. Written for both technical and nontechnical reference, this clearly organized text serves as a resource for both students and practitioners. It gives basic and essential information about the identification, evaluation, analysis, and control of hazards in components, systems, subsystems, processes, and facilities.
Integrating the changes to the field that have occurred since publication of the first edition, this revised and expanded resource offers:
* Logical progression from basics to techniques to applications
* New focus on process safety not found in other texts
* A new and unique section on professionalism for system safety and other safety practitioners
* Presentation of both system safety scope and essentials
* Consistent chapter format for easy learning includes an introduction and summary for each chapter
* Review questions reinforcing important points
* A combination of basis requirements with practical experience
* Information on selected techniques to assess hazards and provide management oversight
* An updated section on protecting against external events in the light of the global terrorist threat
* Critiques of existing systems, including those of the Department of Defense and the
* Department of Energy
Relevant to industry, academia, and government, System Safety for the 21st Century is an essential resource for anyone studying or implementing proactive hazard identification and risk control techniques and procedures. ... Read more

Book Description

With its focus more on processes rather than on devices, this is a comprehensive and detailed overview on:
- A multi-faceted, hierarchic analysis of chemical micro process technology
- Modelling and simulation of micro reactors
- Liquid- and liquid/liquid-phase reactions
- Gas/liquid reactions
- Gas-phase reactions.
An excellent review of this innovative, high-potential and fast-growing market of the future. ... Read more

Book Description

This book contains hundreds of cosmetic and toiletry formulations, based on information received from numerous industrial companies and other organizations. Each formulation is identified by a description of end use. The formulations include the following as available: a listing of each raw material; suggested formulation procedure; and the formula source. Also included are sections on Trade Name Raw Materials and Supplier's Addresses.