Book Description

Although rigidity has been studied since the time of Lagrange (1788) and Maxwell (1864), it is only in the last twenty-five years that it has begun to find applications in the basic sciences. The modern era starts with Laman (1970), who made the subject rigorous in two dimensions, followed by the development of computer algorithms that can test over a million sites in seconds and find the rigid regions, and the associated pivots, leading to many applications. This workshop was organized to bring together leading researchers studying the underlying theory, and to explore the various areas of science where applications of these ideas are being implemented. ... Read more

Book Description

This volume contains the proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Electron Correlations and Materials Properties. The aim of this series of workshops is to provide a periodic (triennial) and in-depth assessment of advances in the study and understanding of the effects that electron-electron interactions in solids have on the determination of measurable properties of materials. The workshop is structured to include exposure to experimental work, to phenomenology, and to ab initio theory. Since correlation effects are pervasive the workshop aims to concentrate on the identification of promising developing methodology, experimental and theoretical, addressing the most critical frontier issues of electron correlations on the properties of materials. This series of workshops is distinguished from other topical meetings and conferences in that it strongly promotes an interdisciplinary approach to the study of correlations, involving the fields of quantum chemistry, physics, and materials science. ... Read more

Book Description

This workshop brought together researchers from materials science, physics, chemistry and biochemistry with interests in determining the structure of substances beyond their average crystal structure. Materials where this is important range from semiconductor alloys to proteins in solution. The workshop featured pedagogical talks on the analysis of diffuse scattering from single crystals and powders, XAFS, NMR, small angle scattering and other techniques which reveal additional information about materials beyond that obtained by Bragg analysis. Theory plays a special role in such studies because of the difficulty of extracting and interpreting information from these techniques. ... Read more

Book Description

A physics book that covers the optical properties of quantum-confined semiconductor nanostructures from both the theoretical and experimental points of view together with technological applications. Topics to be reviewed include quantum confinement effects in semiconductors, optical absorption and emission properties of group IV, III-V, II-VI semiconductors, deep-etched and self assembled quantum dots, nanoclusters, and laser applications in optoelectronics. ... Read more

Book Description

This dissertation addresses emerging developer communities ina new field of science and technology as well as methods to capture exchange processes between them. It contributes to the discussion about a new mode of knowledge production and a changing division of labour between public research, industry, and government by investigating 'nanotechnology' – an emerging area between science and technology. To explore exchange processes in this field, the study applies various methods. In particular, it uses patent citation analysis. The methodological contribution is a new interpretation of this indicator, which sees patent citations as information flows that point to reciprocal exchange processes and potential overlaps between science and technology. This is in contrast to the received interpretation, which suffers from the application of a framework that was developed in the context of scholarly citation and does not fully appreciate that a patent citation is established by the patent examiner – a party external to the inventive process. Various formats of patent citation analysis describe 'nanotechnology' as a set of instrument-driven scientific fields on their way towards science-related technologies.Even though nanotechnology patents contain more patent citations to the scientific literature than other technical fields, the science and technology systems are relatively autonomous. What links them in the case of nano-science and technology is a common interest in improving techniques of nano-scale measurement and manipulation. Another finding is that both countries and firms exhibit relatively strong path-dependencies.While nanotechnology comprises a key set of technological areas–instrumentation, electronics, and pharmaceuticals/chemicals – nano-scale activities vary considerably from country to country. Also knowledge-building activities of firms follow a strong technological path-dependency. As a result, 'social capital' seems to be confined to chiefly technological or scientific trajectories. Hence, 'social capital' appears not to be very useful in explaining how knowledge is accumulated and integrated at the nano-scale. Given the central role of instrumentation and the mediated nature of exchange between science and technology at the nano- scale, public policies should be directed towards supporting education and infrastructure in the area rather than more 'direct' transfer mechanisms. ... Read more

Book Description

This book contains articles in several areas involving a dominant role of surfaces and interfaces. It is divided into four sections. The first section deals with theoretical and experimental aspects of the structure and morphology of clean surfaces and adsorbed layers on surfaces. The next section concerns growth on surfaces leading to semiconductor devices with quantum well, quantum wire and quantum dot structures; also deals with spin transport in 2DEG. Section 3 is on layered synthetic microstructures (LSMs). Analysis of interface roughness and layer composition of LSMs by X-ray techniques, fabrication of hard X-ray telescopes with LSMs, and diffusion across interfaces of LSMs are discussed here. The last section contains articles dealing with semiconductor surfaces exposed to ion beams and ion-irradiated semiconductor multilayers. ... Read more

Book Description

''This book serves the purpose of introducing the reader to the variety of advanced techniques available to study electron correlations in condensed systems.'' --- ScienceThis reference describes the latest research on correlation effects in the multicenter problems of atoms, molecules, and solids. The author utilizes first- and second-order matrices, including the important observable electron density p(r), and the Green function for discussing quantum computer simulations. With its focus on concepts and theories, this volume will benefit experimental physicists, materials scientists, and physical and inorganic chemists as well as graduate students. ... Read more

Book Description

This book is an updated, revised version of a highly successful text published in 1971 by the same authors. The fundamentals of creep deformation, rupture and component analysis of the first edition have been updated and re-organised. After reviewing developments in high temperature design over the last 20 years, substantial new material is presented on factors affecting continuum damage, fracture, fatigue and their interactions. Progress in the integration of new concepts into rational design procedures is analysed in a major new chapter with particular reference to better known codes of practice used internationally. ... Read more

Book Description

MOLECULAR MAGNETS covers recent scientific highlights on molecular magnetism, an active new interdisciplinary field gathering chemists, physicists, theoreticians, and experimentalists. The book provides well-documented answers to some current questions. How can chemists use soft conditions to transform molecules in light and transparent magnets? How can a molecular system behave as a single molecule magnet? How can several functions be combined in the same molecular system? How can light be used to switch molecular magnetic properties? How can molecules be used for ultimate high-density information storage or in quantum computing? What methods are physicists developing to explore these new properties of matter? What concepts and calculations can be provided for theoreticians to design new objects and to better understand the field and to enlarge its exciting developments? ... Read more

Book Description

A knowledge of the mechanical behaviour of both naturally occurring materials, such as soils and rocks, and artificial materials such as concrete and industrial granular matter, is of fundamental importance to their proper use in engineering and scientific applications. This volume contains selected lectures by international experts on current developments and problems in the numerical modelling of cohesive-frictional materials which provide a deeper understanding of the microscopic and macroscopic description of such materials. This book fills a gap by emphasizing the cross-fertilization of ideas between engineers and scientists engaged in this exciting field of research. ... Read more

Book Description

Ill-posedness. Regularization. Stability. Uniqueness. To many engineers, the language of inverse analysis projects a mysterious and frightening image, an image made even more intimidating by the highly mathematical nature of most texts on the subject. But the truth is that given a sound experimental strategy, most inverse engineering problems can be well-posed and not difficult to deal with.Computational Inverse Techniques in Nondestructive Evaluation sets forth in clear, easy-to-understand terms the principles, computational methods, and algorithms of inverse analyses based on elastic waves or the dynamic responses of solids and structures. After describing the features of inverse problems, the authors discuss the regularization methods useful in handling ill-posed problems... The book also presents practical optimization algorithms, including some developed and successfully tested by his research group.Inverse analyses are fast becoming one of the engineer's most powerful tools in nondestructive evaluation and testing. With straightforward examples, a wealth of specific applications, and clear exposition written by engineers for engineers, this book offers an outstanding opportunity to overcome any trepidation and begin using inverse analysis in practice. ... Read more

Book Description

This volume contains contributions presented at the IUTAM Symposium on Micro- and Macrostructural Aspects of Thermoplasticity. The symposium brought together 87 eminent scientists from 13 countries working in the field of thermoplasticity with the aim of exchanging ideas and stimulating interaction. The majority of the lectures covered the main theme of the symposium, with a few of a more general keynote nature and a memorial lecture devoted to the work of Th. Lehmann.This volume begins by presenting basic questions of material modelling. Problems encountered in polycrystalline materials are also discussed and the transition from the micro- to the macroscale is the subject of several papers. The special handling of shape memory materials, phase transformation, and damage is emphasized. A couple of papers are devoted to experimental results and the various aspects of numerical treatment. It has become clear that previously cited problems, though approached from different viewpoints, may often be handled similarly. Moreover, the processing of special cases sensitized for a more accurate treatment in details.The volume will be of interest to researchers in the field of thermoplasticity. ... Read more