Book Description

Volume 2: Superstring Theory and Beyond, begins with an introduction to supersymmetric string theories and goes on to a broad presentation of the important advances of recent years.The book first introduces the type I, type II, and heterotic superstring theories and their interactions. It then goes on to present important recent discoveries about strongly coupled strings, beginning with a detailed treatment of D-branes and their dynamics, and covering string duality, M-theory, and black hole entropy, and discusses many classic results in conformal field theory.The final four chapters are concerned with four-dimensional string theories, and have two goals: to show how some of the simplest string models connect with previous ideas for unifying the Standard Model; and to collect many important and beautiful general results on world-sheet and spacetime symmetries. ... Read more

Reviews (3)

Fair exposition
In the second volume of the series the author generalizes the results of the first to string theories where supersymmetry is present. The mathematics introduced is non-rigorous, and the strategy is to see how much of the formalism for the bosonic case can be carried over to the case where fermions are present. The book is purely an exposition on the subject of string theory, and so no attempt is made to give the reader an in-depth explanation of the ideas and concepts in this area. This is particularly noticeable in the chapter on Calabi-Yau compactification and in the discussion on mirror symmetry in the last chapter. Here is a brief outline of the contents of the book:

- Generalize the mass-shell condition (Klein-Gordon equation in momentum space) by using the Dirac equation.

- The gamma matrices will serve as CM modes of an anticommuting world sheet field.

- The resulting world-sheet supercurrents generate the superconformal transformations of the superconformal algebra.

- Counting the number of (3/2, 0) currents classifies the different superconformal field theories.

- Standard quantization techniques for constrained systems are applied.

- Free SCFTs can be obtained with the vanishing of the central charge giving 10 as the critical dimension.

- SCFT on a circle gives two periodicity conditions for the matter fermions (Ramond and Neveu-Schwarz sectors).

- Ramond and Neveu-Schwarz algberas result. - Holomorphicity constraints give bosonization via the relation between the R sector vertex operators and bosonic winding state vertex operators.

- In 10 flat dimensions, 16 sectors result from the R and NS sectors, 6 of which are empty.

- Consistency conditions yield type IIA and IIB superstring theories.

- The vacuum amplitude for a closed superstring can be found by imposing modular invariance.

- Divergences cancell in the cylinder, Mobius strip, and Klein bottle graphs.

- Generalize preceding constructions by looking for sets of holomorphic and antiholomorphic currents whose Laurent coefficients form a closed algebra.

- Consider algebras that are different on the left- and right-moving sides of the closed string, obtaining the heterotic string.

- Setting the dimensions to be the same at each side and 32 left-moving spin-1/2 fields gives the SO(32) string.

- Split these fields into sets of 16 with independent boundary conditions to get the E8 X E8 heterotic string.

- Use supersymmetry constraints to study interactions of massless degrees of freedom.

- Tree-level interactions can be studied within low-energy supergravity; one-loop gives rise to anomalies.

- Anomalies cancell in type IIA, IIB, type I, and heterotic string theories.

- Use string perturbation theory to calculate amplitudes and interactions.

- Introduce supersymmetry in toroidally compactified string theory, to obtain D-branes which are BPS states and carry R-R charges.

- Type I, IIA, IIB string theories become states in a single theory.

- Study strongly coupled strings using D-brane states.

- The five string theories are limits of a single theory in 11-dimensional spacetime.

- Study conformal field theories as a prolegomena to analyzing string compactification.

- Study string compactification via free world-sheet conformal field theories or interacting exactly solvable conformal field theories.

- Connect the compactified string theory to the Standard Model.

- Start with orbifolds and then the more general Calabi-Yau manifolds.

- Techniques from algebraic geometry are brought in to study the properties of Calabi-Yau manifolds.

- Deduce an effective (low-energy) four-dimensional action using the topology of Calabi-Yau manifolds.

- Elaborate on the physics of four-dimensional string theory.

- Try to deal with the strong CP problem using Peccei-Quinn symmetry and the resulting axion field.

- Try to understand how gauge symmetries arise in the different string theories and how they are related to the ones in the Standard Model.

- Try to connect the different mass scales in string theory.

- Study more advanced topics in string theory, such as N = 2 superconformal algebras, type II superstrings on Calabi-Yau manifolds, string theories on the 4-dimensional Calabi-Yau manifold K3, minimal models, and mirror symmetry.

- Mirror manifolds can be constructed explicitly using Gepner models.

- Use mirror symmetry to obtain the full low energy field theory at the string tree level.

- Flop transitions can occur in string theory, giving dynamical changes in topology.

Currently one of the standards
Polchinski's book on string theory is a very well written book about the subject. Also, the problems given in the book are valuable for a further understanding. Using it together with the book by Green, Schwarz, Witten one will afterwards have indeed little problems understanding the papers on this subject. However one caveat: if one reads this book, he or she shoudl be always aware that this topic is still deeply a research subject and by no means settled like mechanics. If this is always kept in mind, then this book is of considerable help in understanding one of the current frontiers of physics.

Perfect book!
Reading this book is the easiest way to become familiar with various topics that seemed to be extremely difficult before. The reader then shouldn't have any problems with understanding current research papers. ... Read more

Book Description

The Big Bang, the birth of the universe, was a singular event. All of the matter of the universe was concentrated at a single point, with temperatures so high that even the familiar protons and neutrons of atoms did not yet exist, but rather were replaced by a swirling maelstrom of energy, matter and antimatter. Exotic quarks and leptons flickered briefly into existence, before merging back into the energy sea.

This book explains the fascinating world of quarks and leptons and the forces that govern their behavior. Told from an experimental physicist’s perspective, it forgoes mathematical complexity, using instead particularly accessible figures and apt analogies. In addition to the story of quarks and leptons, which are regarded as well-accepted fact, the author who is a leading researcher at the world’s highest energy particle physics laboratory also discusses mysteries on both the experimental and theoretical frontier, before tying it all together with the exciting field of cosmology and indeed the birth of the universe itself.

The text spans the tiny world of the quark to the depths of the universe with exceptional clarity. The casual student of science will appreciate the careful distinction between what is known (quarks, leptons and antimatter), what is suspected (Higgs bosons, neutrino oscillations and the reason why the universe has so little antimatter) and what is merely dreamed (supersymmetry, superstrings and extra dimensions). Included is an unprecedented chapter explaining the accelerators and detectors of modern particle physics experiments. The chapter discussing the hunt for the Higgs boson, currently consuming the efforts of nearly 1000 physicists, lends drama that only big-stakes science can give. Understanding the Universe leaves the reader with a deep appreciation of the fascinating particle realm and just how much it determines the rich beauty of our universe. ... Read more

Book Description

In recent years, superstring theory has emerged as a promising approach to reconciling general relativity with quantum mechanics and unifying the fundamental interactions. Problems that have seemed insuperable in previous approaches take on a totally new character in the context of superstring theory, and some of them have been overcome. Interest in the subject has greatly increased following a succession of exciting recent developments. This two-volume book attempts to meet the need for a systematic exposition of superstring theory and its applications accessible to as wide an audience as possible. ... Read more

Reviews (1)

Still worth the effort
As with vol I of this set of two, the material here is somewhat dated. However, while there is more to the story then is presented in this text, this text still serves an essential purpose. For example, vol II contains detailed exposition concerning anomalie cancellation and calculation of one (and higher) -loop amplitudes, which is a subject crucial to many recent developments in string theory. Similarly, this volume's expositions on compatification (orbifold, Calabi-Yau, and so forth) and lower dimensional effects will prove both instructive / illuminating for readers wishing to begin similar investigations, or who seek to augment other sources in the literature.

Again, a compelling reason for reading this text is the insights these particular authors provide. For example, the volume's discussions of physical implications from differential / algebraic geometry are more then enough reason to purchase the text. ... Read more

Book Description

This book provides a survey of the current state of research into the physics of neutrinos. It is presented in a pedagogical form accessible to non-specialists and graduate students, but will also be useful as a handbook for researchers in this field. The reader finds here a global view of the areas of physics in which neutrinos play important roles, including astrophysics and cosmology. The book is intended to be self-contained: Starting from the standard theory of electroweak interactions, the key notions are explained in detail and the fundamental equations are derived explicitly, so that readers can understand their precise content and implications. Prime emphasis is given to models of massive neutrinos and to the magnetic moment of the neutrino. The first eight chapters deal mostly with well-established knowledge whilst later chapters probe into the most recent research problems. The book is well-suited for courses. ... Read more

Book Description

Written by a non-statistician for non-statisticians, the book emphasizes the practical approach to those problems in statistics that arise regularly in data analysis situations in nuclear and high energy physics experiments. Rather than concentrate on proofs and theorems, the author provides an abundance of simple examples that illustrate the general ideas presented. This allows the reader to obtain maximum information in the simplest manner.Possible difficulties with the various techniques, and pitfalls to be avoided, are also discussed.This commonsense approach to statistical formalism enables nuclear physicists to better understand how to do justice to their analysis and interpretation of data. ... Read more

Reviews (1)

Do you want your Phd?
As a high energy physics graduate student, I know of no other book which provides a better grounding in the data analysis techniques needed in an HEP phd. This book has been invaluable to me. It has also been invaluable to many of my professors and friends. If you are doing an HEP phd, you should get this book. Its as simple as that. ... Read more

Book Description

A "z-pinch" is a deceptively simple plasma configuration in which a longitudinal current produces a magnetic field that tends to confine the plasma. The simple geometry and low cost made it an early candidate for controlled fusion experiments. However, instabilities and rapid plasma loss motivated the development of more complicated plasma confinement systems such as tokamaks and stellarators. Recent experiments, in which z-pinches produced unprecedented levels of radiation and power, have led to renewed interest in the configuration. As a result, z-pinch research is currently one of the fastest growing areas of plasma physics, with revived interest in z-pinch controlled fusion reactors along with investigations of new z-pinch applications, such as, very high power x-ray sources, high-energy neutrons sources, and ultra-high magnetic fields generators. This book provides a comprehensive review of the physics of dense z-pinches. Although the thrust of the treatment is theoretical, the authors also discuss recent experimental results as well as the operating systems of the main types of electrical drivers. ... Read more

Book Description

Contents

1 Quarks and Leptons.2 Particle Interactions in the Standard Mode.3 Electromagnetism as a Gauge Theory.4 Relativistic Quantum Mechanics.5 Quantum Field Theory I.6 Quantum Field Theory II: Interacting Scalar Fields.7 Quantum Field Theory III: Complex Scalar Fields, Dirac and Maxwell fields; Introduction of Electromagnetism.8 Elementary Processes in Scalara and Spinor Electrodynamics.9 Deep Inelastic Electron-nucleon Scattering and the Quark Parton Model.10 Higher Order Processes and Renormalisation. 11 Appendices.Index

Synopsis

This book provides an accessible, practical and comprehensive introduction to the three gauge theories of the 'standard model' of particle physics: quantum electrodynamics (QED), quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and the electroweak theory. For each of them, the authors provide a thorough discussion of the main conceptual points; a detailed exposition of many practical calculations of physical quantities; and a comparison of these quantitative predictions with experimental results.

For this two-volume third edition, much of the book has been re-written to reflect developments over the last decade, both in the curricula of university courses, and in particle physics research. On the one hand, substantial new material has been introduced which is intended for use in undergraduate physics courses. New introductory chapters provide a precise historical account of the properties of quarks and leptons, and a qualitative overview of the quantum field description of their interactions, at a level appropriate to third year courses. The chapter on relativistic quantum mechanics has been enlarged and is supplemented by additional sections on scattering theory and Green functions, in a form appropriate to fourth year courses. On the other hand, since precision experiments now test the theories beyond lowest order in perturbation theory, an understanding of the data requires a more sophisticated knowledge of quantum field theory, including ideas of renormalisation. The treatment of quantum field theory has therefore been considerably extended so as to provide a uniquely accessible and self-contained introduction to quantum field dynamics, as described by Feynman graphs. The level is suitable for advanced fourth year undergraduates and first year graduates.

These developments are all contained in the first volume, which ends with a discussion of higher order corrections in QED; the second volume is devoted to the non-Abelian gauge theories of QCD and the electroweak theory. As in the first two editions, emphasis is placed throughout on developing realistic calculations from a secure physical and conceptual basis.

Readership

Graduate and senior undergraduate students taking courses on the standard model of particle physics. Postgraduate students and researchers in particle physics. ... Read more

Reviews (2)

If you are having trouble with QFT - BUY THIS BOOK!
This book (2nd edition) has 15 chapters . I have just finished chapter 4 entitled QFT and I am compeled to write this review! After a year of studying of QFT informally I can report that this is the way to introduce yourself to the topic. I've been through Mandl & Shaw, Peskin & Schoeder, Ryder, Weinberg and a few others and this is heads and tails the BEST intro available. In 42 pages, Aitchison & Hey make the transistion from classical to QM and from QM to QFT as gracefully as I can conceive. For example, the transition from the discrete Lagrangian to the field Lagrangian is very explicit. One benfit of this is that the dependence of L on partial of phi wrt x is clearly motivated leading to the manifestly relativistically invariant form of L. They explicitly develop physical intuition at every step of the way - for example, this is the only book that I have found that explicitly asks the question where is QM's wavefunction in the QFT formalism? Answer - The vacuum to one-particle matrix elements of the field operators. The transistion from free fields to interacting fields is far clearer than any other treatment I've seen. I also appreciated that the problems were used to basically fill in details left out of the text. I was able to 'practice' the various kinds of manipulations that are required.

Amazingly clear introduction to the subject
This book is the best book I've seen on the subject. The qualitative description of qunatum field theory in particular are amazingly lucid for the subject. The only possible flaw in the book is that the problems at the end of each chapter are both few in number and for the most part do not challenge the student at all; for the most part they are just rote calculations. ... Read more

Book Description

This invaluable book presents papers written during the last 40 years by Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and his collaborators on various physical effects which can be observed on atoms interacting with electromagnetic fields. It consists of a personal selection of review papers, lectures given at schools, as well as original experimental and theoretical papers. Emphasis is placed on physical mechanisms and on general approaches (such as the dressed atom approach) having a wide range of applications. Various topics are discussed, such as atoms in intense laser fields, photon correlations, quantum jumps, radiative corrections, laser cooling and trapping, Bose–Einstein condensation. In this new edition, about 200-page of new material has been added. ... Read more

Book Description

The late Abraham Pais wrote the definitive biography of Albert Einstein, "Subtle is the Lord" which won an American Book Award. As a distinguished physicist and Einstein's colleague, Pais combined a sophisticated understanding of physics with first-hand knowledge of this notoriously private individual, offering rare insights into both. It is his unique double perspective that makes his work so valuable.Now, in Shatterer of Worlds, Abraham Pais offers an illuminating portrait of another eminent colleague, J. Robert Oppenheimer, one of the most charismatic and enigmatic figures of modern physics. Pais introduces us to a precocious youth who sped through Harvard in three years, made signal contributions to quantum mechanics while in his twenties, and was instrumental in the growth of American physics in the decade before the Second World War, almost single-handedly putting American physics on the map. Pais paints a revealing portrait of Oppenheimer's life in Los Alamos, where in twenty remarkable, feverish months, under his inspired leadership, the first atomic bomb was designed and built, a success that made Oppenheimer America's most famous scientist. Pais, who was his next-door neighbor for many years, describes Oppenheimer's long tenure as Director of the Institute of Advanced Study at Princeton, but also shows how Oppenheimer's intensity and arrogance won him powerful enemies, who would ultimately make him one of the principal victims of the Red Scare of the 1950s.Told with compassion and deep insight, Shatterer of Worlds is the most comprehensive biography of the great physicist available. It is Abraham Pais's final work, completed after his death by Robert P. Crease, an acclaimed historian of science in his own right. ... Read more

Book Description

RADIOACTIVITY †RADIONUCLIDES †RADIATION is suitable for a general audience interested in topical environmental and human health radiological issues such as radiation exposure in aircraft, food sterilisation, nuclear medicine, radon gas, radiation dispersion devices ("dirty bombs")… It leads the interested reader through the three Rs of nuclear science, to the forefront of research and developments in the field. The book is also suitable for students and professionals in the related disciplines of nuclear and radiochemistry, health physics, environmental sciences, nuclear and astrophysics. Recent developments in the areas of exotic decay modes (bound beta decay of ‘bare’ or fully ionized nuclei), laser transmutation, nuclear forensics, radiation hormesis and the LNT hypothesis are covered.

Atomic mass data for over 3000 nuclides from the most recent (2003) evaluation are included. The book contains a CD-ROM with the Universal Nuclide Chart †an interactive, platform independent JAVA-program for displaying basic nuclear data, decay processes and neutron reactions together with a fold-out version of the most recent Karlsruhe Chart of the Nuclides.

Book Description

This title provides the latest information on nuclear physics. Based on a course entitled Applications of Nuclear Physics. Written from an experimental point of view this text is broadly divided into two parts, firstly a general introduction to Nuclear Physics and secondly its applications.
* Includes chapters on practical examples and problems
* Contains hints to solving problems which are included in the appendix
* Avoids complex and extensive mathematical treatments
* A modern approach to nuclear physics, covering the basic theory, but emphasising the many and important applications ... Read more

Book Description

MRST 2002 is the 24th in an ongoing series of annual meetings that brings together an international group of researchers clustered around the Universities of Montreal/McGill, Rochester, Syracuse, and Toronto working on various aspects of theoretical high energy physics. This year features discussions on a wider than usual scope of interrelated topics, with invited talks ranging from the latest developments in cosmic microwave background radiation research and the solar neutrino puzzle to the Bekenstein bound in quantum gravity and the AdS/CFT conjecture in string theory. The main purpose is to encourage increased interaction between traditionally separate but clearly overlapping research sub-disciplines. This was the first conference to be hosted by the new Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, and was held in memory of George Leibbrandt, who played a vital role in all aspects of the founding of the Institute and served on its Board of Directors. ... Read more

Book Description

''The text....contains a wealth of practical detail and experimental insight....This book is an essential purchase for any microscopistwho is using, or planning to use, electron spectroscopy orspectroscopic imaging.''--- JMSA''Provides the advancedstudent with an indispensible text and the experienced researcherwith a valuable reference.''--- American ScientistTheSecond Edition explores several new applications of EELS developedduring the last ten years. Chapters include recent progress inparallel-recording detectors and image-filtering systems as well asspectral fine structure. This edition also features updated computerprograms which will perform spectrum deconvolution and computepartial ionization cross-sections. ... Read more

Book Description

The proceedings of the fifth in a series of workshops on the physics and detectors for the next generation of e+e- at the linear colliders are focused on the motivation and requirements for the next generation of high energy physics accelerators. Possible technical specifications for the possible accelerator complex as well as experimental aspects of the physics program are presented. Comprehensive studies of the physics potential of the linear colliders, carried out in Asia, Europe, and the United States, are reviewed and discussed. Topics included are: Higgs, SUSY Higgs, top quark physics, QCD/two-photon physics, SUSY superpartners, electroweak interactions, new and alternative physics, simulation tools, detector interface, vertexing and tracking detectors, particle ID and muon detectors, calorimetry and masks, as well as data acquisition and triggering. ... Read more

Book Description

Abraham Pais' 'Subtle is the Lord...'--the award-winning biography of Albert Einstein--received high acclaim from The New York Times Book Review which hailed it as "a monument to sound scholarship and graceful style," and from The Christian Science Monitor which called it "an extraordinary biography of an extraordinary man."

In his groundbreaking new book, Pais chronicles the history of the physics of matter and physical forces since the discovery of x-rays.He relates not only what has happened over the last one-hundred years, but also why it happened the way it did, the experiences of the scientists involved, and how a series of seemingly bizarre or unrelated occurrences has emerged as a logical sequence of discoveries and events. Personally involved in many of the developments described, Pais provides unique insights into the world of big and small physics, revealing how the smallest distances explored between 1895 and 1983 have shrunk a hundred millionfold.Along this "road inward," scientists have made advances that later generations will rank among the principal monuments of the twentieth century.

This magisterial survey explores the discoveries made on the constituents of matter, the laws that govern them, and the forces that act on them.Demonstrating the sometimes rocky road to new insights, Pais reveals that these have been times of progress and stagnation, of order and chaos, of clarity and confusion, of belief and incredulity, of the conventional and the bizarre, as well as of revolutionaries and conservatives, of science by individuals and by consortia, of little gadgets and big machines, and of modest funds and big moneys. ... Read more

Reviews (1)

The best book for introductory Atomic Spectra!
Updated classic paperback text that covers a broad area from Balmer series to Nuclear Spin. Written without alot of complex mathematics, this is a good introduction to Atomic Spectra for specialists in other fields. I loved the coverage on quantum numbers and alkaline-earth elements. ... Read more